Altres activitats
6.2 Cursos de Formació permanent per a mestres i professors de Religió
According to the National Development Strategy “Moldova 2020”, the technical potential of hydro energy in Moldova is 12.1 PJ/year or 0.3 Mtoe/year. There is also low-potential heat, which can be used by means of heat pumps, with a total potential of over 80 PJ/year or 1.9 Mtoe/year.
Current use of renewable energy sources, projections and
targets
The current share of RES in the TPES is between 3.4 and 8 percent, depending on estimates of residential biomass consumption. As mentioned above, the national renewable energy targets include:
• a 20 percent share of energy from renewable sources in total energy consumption by 2020 (10 percent by 2015);
• a 10 percent share of biofuels in total fuel consumption by 2020 (4 percent percent by 2015); and • a 10 percent share of electricity produced from RES by 2020.
Wind
Several experimental wind turbines with a total installed capacity of 100 kW have been installed by the Technical University of Moldova, and several turbines with a smaller capacity have been installed by the Wind Energy Association of Moldova. At present, one wind-based electricity producer — Elteprod LLC, which operates a turbine with a capacity of 1.1 MW — has received a feed-in tariff from ANRE. Another project, currently at the planning stage, involves the installation of wind generators with a total installed capacity of 18 MW.37
According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan, between 2013 and 2020 the development of renewable-based power generation will rely predominantly on wind energy. The rights for the construction of up to 360 MW of both wind-based and solar-based (but mainly wind) installed capacity supported by feed-in tariffs and obligation to purchase may be auctioned among potential investors. The minimum amount of wind-based capacity necessary to meet the 10 percent target is estimated at 148.86 MW, and production at 372.16 GWh.
Solar
To date, only two operators of small-scale PV installations have received feed-in tariffs — Solotrans-Agro LLC (with an installed capacity of 95 kW) and Tasotilex LLC. In 2013, a solar PV installation with an installed capacity of 250 kW was commissioned at the Oncology Institute in Chisinau. The installation will produce up to 300,000 kWh/year, covering up to 15 percent of the organisation’s electricity demand. About USD 5 million for the project were provided as a grant by the Japan International Cooperation Agency.38
There are also projects for the utilisation of solar energy for heating. The Posta Veche commercial centre in Chisinau has installed solar collectors and condensing boilers, almost completely eliminating the use of electricity for water heating and saving 94 MWh/year.39 Due to the high cost of the technology, existing
policy documents do not envision the significant development of solar-based power generation over the coming decade. According to the Ministry of Economy40, priorities will include the installation of solar
collectors for heating (up to 1 million m2) and units for the drying of agricultural products (80,000 m2). The
estimated investment required is EUR 153 million. The use of small-scale PV installations to power water pumps for irrigation and at customers’ sites is also possible.
Bioenergy
According to IEA statistics, in 2011 the contribution of biomass to the TPES was 83 ktoe, or 2.5 percent. Almost 85 percent of this biomass was used for heating in the residential sector. Producing reliable estimates of residential biomass consumption is notoriously difficult, especially in a country with a predominantly rural population, thus the IEA’s data may seriously underestimate the real consumption. According to a survey of biomass consumption initiated by the Energy Community41, the actual consumption of biomass for
electricity and heat in 2009–2011 amounted to 236–237 ktoe, almost three times more than the value cited by the IEA. Of that amount, 220 ktoe were consumed in the residential sector. Similar numbers were used in preparing the NREAP.
As an immediate priority, the government is relying on the development of decentralised biomass use for heating, predominantly in rural areas, which means that the construction of costly infrastructure can be avoided. According to the NREAP, plans for the construction of biomass-fired cogeneration plants can be considered after 2020. In addition to the installation of modern boilers, the modernisation of the decentralised biomass heating sector requires a number of other objectives to be addressed. In particular, it is necessary to ensure a stable supply of “modern” biomass, including pellets and/or briquettes. Building local capacity for the production of modern biomass can help reduce costs and contribute to the development of the local economy. Some promotional and awareness-raising activities can also be helpful. An example of this kind of integrated approach is the Moldova Energy and Biomass Project (see “International programmes and projects” below).
In September 2013, a biogas plant was opened at the Drochia sugar factory owned by Sudzucker Moldova. The plant will use processing waste (compressed beet pulp) to produce about 7.3 million m3 of biogas
annually.42 The produced gas will be used in a cogeneration process to provide heat and electricity for the
factory, and part of the produced electricity is expected to be sold. The total cost of the project is EUR 7.5 million. The Energy and Biomass Project provided a grant of EUR 140,000 for the installation of the cogeneration equipment.43 The project has been registered as a CDM project.
The first biogas project in Moldova was launched in 2004 by Vasile Moraru, a farmer who built a biogas plant in Colonita. The plant, which has an installed power capacity of 87 kW, produced about 553 MWh of electricity and 510 MWh of heat per year. In 2008, the plant ceased operation due to the closure of the cattle farm that supplied it with biomass. A loan for the resumption of plant operations was later provided within the framework of the MoSEFF programme (see below). In 2010, Moraru became the first power producer in Moldova to receive a feed-in tariff from ANRE.
A landfill gas project implemented by Tevas Grup has an installed power capacity of 320 kW. In 2013, the company was granted a feed-in tariff by ANRE. The expansion of the project to an installed capacity of 2.5
MW44 is envisioned. The developers have applied for registration as a CDM project, and currently the project
is still at the validation stage.
There are several more biogas projects with an installed capacity of between 1 and 2 MW in the pipeline. According to the NREAP, the use of biomass for heating is projected to reach 334 ktoe/year by 2020, with 44 ktoe/year of that amount being used outside the residential sector. The total installed capacity of biogas-fired power plants is expected to reach 10 MW, and their power output 31 GWh/year.
Other sources
There is only one hydropower plant — Costesti HPP, with an installed capacity of 16 MW — currently operating in the area controlled by the Government of Moldova. Existing policies do not envision the construction of any significant hydropower capacities over the next decade, although the construction of small HPPs is possible. Two small HPPs with submersible turbines (90 kW and 380 kW of installed capacity respectively) are reportedly planned by private companies.45
There are no targets for energy production using heat pumps. Documents from the Moldova Energy and Biomass Project46 mention completed projects for the installation of heat pumps in a household and a school.