Normes acadèmiques
4.6 Normativa de l'ISCREB Virtual
www.messenger.com.ge/issues/2955_september_26_2013/2955_econ_one.html (accessed on January 17, 2014).
68 World Experience for Georgia. Renewable energy potential in Georgia and the policy options for its
utilization. Tbilisi, 2008.
69 USAID. Georgia Rural Energy Program. Final evaluation report. 2009.
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pdact319.pdf (accessed on January 15, 2014).
70 UNDP. Promotion of Biomass Production and Utilization in Georgia. Project document.
http://moe.gov.ge/files/Klimatis%20Cvlileba/Proektebi/Dagegmili%20Proektebi/003.pdf (accessed on January 15, 2014.)
71 www.energocredit.ge/sites/default/files/Case_poultry_final_eng.pdf (accessed on January 12, 2014). 72 ESCO energy balances. www.esco.ge/index.php?article_id=8&clang=1 (accessed on January 17, 2014). 73 UNDP/GEF. Georgia – Promoting the use of renewable energy resources for local energy supply. Final
evaluation report. May 2012.
74 IEA Statistics. The average value for 2010 and 2011 is used. 75 Ministry of Energy of Georgia. Ongoing investment projects.
www.energy.gov.ge/projects/pdf/pages/Current%20Investment%20Projects%20436%20eng.pdf (accessed on January 9, 2014).
76 Ministry of Energy of Georgia. List of Potential Power Plants in Georgia.
www.energy.gov.ge/projects/pdf/pages/The%20List%20Of%20Potential%20Renewable%20Energy%20Sou rces%20435%20eng%20.pdf (accessed on January 10, 2014).
77 Agenda.ge. New hydro power plant to increase export. December 5, 2013. http://agenda.ge/news/3095/eng
(accessed on January 9, 2014).
78 Agenda.ge. Multi-million dollar hydro-power plant opens. January 24, 2014,
http://agenda.ge/news/6980/eng (accessed on January 28, 2014).
79 Democracy and Freedom Watch. Turkish company cancels hydroelectric project in Georgia. February 14,
2012. http://dfwatch.net/turkish-company-cancels-hydro-electric-project-in-georgia-96699 (accessed on January 15, 2014).
80 World Experience for Georgia. Renewable energy potential in Georgia and the policy options for its
utilization. Tbilisi, 2008.
81 HydroWorld.com. Bank of Georgia, Germany’s KfW ink deal for small hydro development. November 16,
2012. www.hydroworld.com/articles/2012/11/bank-of-georgia-germanys-kfw-ink-deal-for-small-hydro- development.html (accessed on January 15, 2014).
82 UNDP/GEF. Georgia – Promoting the use of renewable energy resources for local energy supply. Final
evaluation report. May 2012.
83 USAID. Georgia Rural Energy Program. Final evaluation report. 2009. 84 USAID. USAID/HIPP monitoring and evaluation report. 2013.
http://hydropower.ge/user_upload/HIPP_ME_Report_36_Month_Apr2013.pdf (accessed on January 17, 2014).
85 http://hydropower.ge/eng/6/id15 (accessed on January 17, 2014). 86 http://www.energocredit.ge/ (accessed on January 15, 2014).
87 The state programme Renewable Energy 2008 defines the procedure for initiating and implementing
renewable energy projects and the content of associated MoUs. In practice, it has been applied almost exclusively to hydropower projects.
Units of measurement
ktoe thousand tons of oil equivalent Mtoe million tons of oil equivalent
W watt kW kilowatt MW megawatt GW gigawatt kWh kilowatt-hour MWh megawatt-hour GWh gigawatt-hour TWh terawatt-hour TJ terajoule PJ petajoule
Moldova
Key country data (2011)
1Population (millions): 3.56 GDP: USD 7.01 billion GDP per capita: USD 1,970 TPES: 3.33 Mtoe
Share of renewable energy in TPES: 3.4 percent2
Country overview
The Republic of Moldova is a landlocked country located between Romania and Ukraine. It has the lowest nominal GDP among European countries at USD 2,038 (2012)3. The country has a predominantly rural
population (52 percent) and a significant agrarian sector, which, together with the associated processing industries, accounts for a substantial proportion of export revenues. Food exports accounted for 70 percent of merchandise exports in 2011 and 58 percent in 2012. For most of the 2000s, the nation’s economy demonstrated high growth rates: between 2001 and 2012, the GDP growth rate exceeded 6 percent in eight out of the 12 years. However, this growth is vulnerable since it depends heavily on domestic consumption fuelled by remittances from Moldovan citizens working abroad4. In 2009, GDP decreased 6 percent; in 2010
and 2011 it increased 7.1 percent and 6.4 percent respectively, but in 2012 it fell 0.8 percent.
In 2011, the country’s total primary energy supply (TPES) was 3,331 ktoe5. Between 1990 and 2000, the
TPES went through a period of free fall and then generally stabilised in the 2000s (Figure 1). With no fossil fuel reserves, the country is fully dependent on energy imports, importing about 96 percent of its TPES.
Figure 1. Total primary energy supply in Moldova (Source: IEA Statistics)
The country’s industrial and residential sectors are largely inherited from the Soviet period and energy intensity in Moldova is very high at 0.31 toe per thousand dollars of GDP PPP (in constant 2005 dollars), or 2.6 times higher than the respective value for the EU27 (0.12 toe per thousand dollars6). Improving energy
efficiency is therefore an important national priority.
The frozen conflict in the Transnistria breakaway region continues to be a threat to Moldova’s stability7 and
has serious implications for the country’s energy security. The largest power plant in Moldova, the Moldova Thermal Power Plant (TPP), is situated in the area controlled by the de facto authorities of Transnistria. The same is true of the largest hydropower plant (HPP) in the country, Dubasari HPP. The huge Moldova TPP, commissioned in 1964, was built specifically to supply Moldova and adjacent regions of Ukraine with electricity and alone accounts for over 80 percent of the total installed capacity in the country (Table 1)8.
Within the area controlled by the Government of Moldova, there are three cogeneration plants originally built to supply specific urban areas with electricity and heat, and the relatively small Costesti HPP. Their total installed capacity is about 340 MW9. Between 76 and 79 percent of the electricity consumed in Moldova is therefore either procured from the Moldova TPP or imported from Ukraine. Prices for this power are not stable and tend to exceed prices on the EU market.
Table 1. Power plants in Moldova
(Source: Energy Strategy of the Republic of Moldova till 2030) Plant Installed power capacity,
MW Years of construction Moldova TPP* 2520 1964-1982 Chisinau CHPP-2 240 1976-1980 Chisinau CHPP-1 66 1951-1961 CHPP Nord, Balti 20.4 1956-1970 Dubasari HPP* 48 1954-1966 Costesti HPP 16 1978 Total 2910.4
Total outside Transnistria 342.4 * Situated in Transnistria
According to IEA statistics, in 2011 renewable energy sources (RES) represented some 3.4 percent of the TPES. Biomass accounted for 64 percent of the renewable component of the TPES, and hydro energy accounted for the remaining 36 percent. However, it is likely that these data underestimate the actual use of biomass in the residential sector, as is often the case. According to a detailed survey commissioned by the Energy Community10, the actual consumption of biomass in Moldova is estimated at 236–237 ktoe/year. If
this figure is used with the IEA data, renewable energy accounts for 8 percent of the TPES. In any case, almost all primary energy sourced domestically comes from renewable sources (some oil production on a local scale accounts for 0.3 percent of the TPES).
Overall, improving Moldova’s energy security through the construction of new power generation capacities and the development of RES as the only primary energy sources available domestically is a pressing imperative for the country. However, given the country’s financial constraints, this should be achieved in the most cost- efficient way possible, which limits the range of available options.
According to the policy document Rethink Moldova: Priorities for the Medium-Term Development of the Republic of Moldova, the Government of Moldova regards European integration as the most fundamental priority of domestic and foreign policy and is determined to implement an ambitious agenda to achieve it. On November 29, 2013, the EU–Moldova Association Agreement was initialled.11 In the context of the energy
sector, this means the harmonisation of national policies with those of the EU, integration with European power and gas transmission systems, and integration into the European electricity market.