Dr. H. M. Chaudhari, Smt. H. R. Patel Arts Mahila College, Shirpur Dist Dhule
Abstract
The present paper aims at the new inventions in the field of library sciences and especially in relation to technology. Nowadays there are the drastic changes in every field of technology and library science is not an exception to it. Technology plays very important and crucial role in each and every field so in library. The well-equipped library is an integral part of every institution. In the present paper the researcher explained in detail about the technological advancement of libraries in relation to preservation and archives. The researcher studied the concept of preservation, its process, factor and strategies with minute details. The researcher also studied archives, digital archives, archives link etc. and come to the conclusion that the librarians must take initiative and active involvement in the field of preservation and archives.
Keywords: library, preservation, archives, digital technology
Introduction: Preservation of resources is the mostly neglected in the electronic library. In the digital process, preservation has little scope for the longevity of optical disks, magnetic tape and other new, fragile storage media. The viability of digital image files is much more dependent on the life expectancy of the access system. Librarians may exercise a large measure of control over the life expectancy of digital image data through the careful selection, handling, and maintenance of rugged, well-tested recording and storage systems.
Preservation: Digital preservation is the need and demand of time. Preservation of digital information isto be required more constant and ongoing attention than preservation of other media. This regular input of effort, time, and money to handle vast technological and organizational advance is considered the main stumbling black for preserving digital information.
The Preservation Process:-
Articraft: - Preservation is most successful when an artifact can be maintained in its original form and kept useful.
Image: Good preservation maintains the exact images contained within the artifact. There are many ways of preserving images, with different definitions of what constitutes an image and what constitutes adequacy. Information: The lowest level of preservation retains the characters contained within a book or periodical, but loses the image and the artifact.
Strategies: In 2006, the online computer Library Center developed a four-point strategy for the long-term preservation of digital objects that consisted of:Assessing the risks for loss of content posed by technology variables such as commonly used proprietary file formats and software applications.Evaluating the digital content objects to determine what type and degree of format conversion or other preservation actions should be applied.Determining the appropriate metadata needed for each object type and how it is associated with the objects.
Providing access to the content.There are several additional strategies that individuals and organizations may use to actively combat the loss of digital information.
Refreshing: Refreshing is the transfer of data between two types of the same storage medium so there are no bit rate changes or alteration of data.
Migration: Migration means transferring data to newer system. This may involve conversion of resources from one file format to another (e.g., conversion of Microsoft Word to PDF or Open Document), from one operating system to another (e.g., Windows to Linux) or from one programming language to another (e. g., C to Java) so the resource remains fully accessible and functional.
Replication: Creating Xerox or duplicate copies of data on systems is called replication. Replicated data may introduce difficulties in refreshing, migration, versioning, and access control since the data is located in multiple places.
Emulation: Emulation is the replicating of functionality of an obsolete system. Examples include emulating an Atari 2600 on a windows system or emulation Word Perfect 1.0 on a Macintosh.
Metadata Attachment: Metadata is data on a digital file that includes information on creation, access rights, restrictions, preservation history, and rights management. Metadata attached to digital files may be affected by file format obsolescence.
Trustworthy Digital Objects: Digital objects that can speak to their own authenticity are called trustworthy digital objects (TDOs). TDOs were proposed by Henry M. Gladney to enable digital objects to maintain a record of their change history so future users can know with certainty that the contents of the object are authentic. Digital Sustainability: Digital sustainability encompasses a range of issues and concerns that contribute to the longevity of digital information. Digital sustainability concentrates less on the solution and technology and more on building an infrastructure.
Creating Digital Archives: Even in rigorously controlled situations, the digital information may be lost without the initial awareness on the part of the originator of the importance of archiving. Practices used when a digital object is created ultimately impact the ease with which the object can be digitally archived and preserved. In addition, there are several key practices involving the creator that are evolving within the archiving projects.
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Acquisition and Collection Development: Acquisition and Collection Development is the stage in which the created object is ―incorporated‖ physically or virtually into the archive. The object must be known to the archive administration. There are two main aspects to the acquisition of digital objects – collection policies and gathering procedures.
Collection Policies: In most countries, the major difference in collection policies between formal print and electronic publications is the question of whether digital materials are included under current deposit legislation. The collection policies answer questions related to selecting what to archive, determining extent, archiving links, and refreshing site contents.
Selection: In the network environment, any individual with access to the Internet can be a publisher, and the network publishing process does not always provide the initial screening and selection at the manuscript stage on which libraries have traditionally relied in the print environment.
Archiving Link: The extensive use of hypertext links to other digital objects in electronic publications raises the question of whether these links and their content should be archived along with the source item. This issue has been addressed by the selected projects in a variety of way. Most organizations archive the links but not the content of the linked objects. The decision about archiving the content of linked objects is based on its selection guidelines. If a linked item meets the selection guidelines, its contents will be archived, otherwise it will not be. Refreshing the Archived Contents: In case where the archiving is taking place while changes or updates may still be occurring to the digital object, as in the case of on-going Web sites, there is a need to consider refreshing the archived contents. A balance must be struck between the completeness and currency of the archive and the burden on the system resources. Obviously, the burden of refreshing the content increases as the number of sources stored in the archive increases.
Gathering Approaches: There are two general approaches to the gathering of relevant Internet-based information-hand-selected and automatic. In the case of the NLA, the sites are reviewed and hand-selected. They are monitored for their persistence before being included in the archive.
Intellectual property Concerns: Intellectual property remains a key issue in the acquisition process. The approaches to intellectual property vary based on the type of organization doing the archiving
Conclusion:Today‘s world is the world of knowledge, creativity and technology. With more creativity and innovation there is more knowledge generation and expansion. And one most important thing in it is how to store this expanded and generated knowledge. But for it we have technology at our ease. With the help of technology and technological means we can store the knowledge at its maximum level. We have few technology assisted techniques like preservation and archives with which we can create miracles in the field of library sciences. And the same purpose of the researcher is depicted in the present paper.
Reference:
Sahu Santosh Kumar, Mandotkar Ratna, Encyclopaedia of Research in Library and Information Science, Pacific Books International : New Delhi, Vol. (1 To 5) 2012
Gopal Krishan, Technological Future of Library and Information Science, Authors Press, New Delhi, 2005. Iyenger V. K; Digital Library Use: Librarians Guide to Internet, Arise Publishers, New Delhi, 2011.
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DIGITAL CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Prof. Bhagwan Shankar Patil (Librarian) P. S. G. V .P. Mandal’s Arts Science and Commerce College Shahada Dist-Nandurbar
Abstract
Given the lack of standard building component, in several cases digital library applications are built from scratch using ad- hoc approaches to implement all required components. On the other hand, our claim is that the development of ad-hoc software modules for each new digital library is not convenient. It is necessary to define and design standard software components in order to support the design and effective implementation of Digital Library Applications. Specifically, in this paper we will focus on the definition of a content management system that offers typical functionalities required by digital library applications.
Introduction: The Digital Library (DL) technology emerged during mid 90ties as a combination of different technological results, mainly in the area of Database Management and Information Retrieval, and as an application of these technologies to the management of libraries. The term digital library has been subject of a certain confusion concerning its interpretation and use. Sometime it has been used to refer the accessible digital content of a library. Sometime it has been used to indicate a specific application built to make accessible a specific digital content. Sometime it has been related to a set of software tools that can be used to ? This work was partially supported by the ECD project (Extended Content Delivery) [9], funded by the Italian government, by the VICE project (Virtual Communities for Education), also funded by the Italian government, and by DELOS NoE, funded by the European Commission under FP6 (Sixth Framework Programme). We would like to thank Paolo Bolettieri, Franca Debole, Fabrizio Falchi, Francesco Furfari, and Bertrand Le Saux for their valuable contribution to the MILOS implementation.
Current status of digital library applications: Regrettably, often the Digital Library Applications are monolithic software modules built for a single Digital Library. Existing Digital Library Applications just require documents to be inserted and metadata to be generated before being ready to be operative for document searching and retrieving. Furthermore, the digital library technology is today limited to manage specific types of digital objects and specific metadata description models. This implies that existing DL Applications can be hardly adapted to different application environments and to different metadata description models. Indeed, many DLAs were built having in mind a specific application and, in many cases, a specific document collection. Thus, the result is an ad-hoc solution where all components of the DLA (the data repository, the metadata manager, the search and retrieval components, etc.) are specific to a given application and cannot be easily used in other environments. Digital library applications often offer predefined workflows, metadata schemes, and document formats, that cannot be changed to be adapted to specific application scenarios and end-user requirements and no customizations can be performed for adapting the user interface to the specific scenarios.
Future perspective for digital libraries: Many researchers think that the DL technology could be applied, in the future, well beyond the restricted scope of today applications. To estimate the potential of DL technology, in Figure 1 [16] an information space is considered, with one dimension representing the level in which users and tasks are predefined and known in advance, and the other dimension representing the level in which the data has a known and well defined structure. In this information space, it is possible to distinguish the characteristics of Digital Library applications from typical Web and database applications: Typical Web search engines assume very little about users, tasks, and the data they deal with. Consequently, they occupy a relatively small part of the space. On the other hand, database applications have strong assumptions about users, tasks, and data. Management Systems Content for Digital Libraries Multimedia: Digital library applications are document intensive applications where possibly heterogeneous documents and their metadata have to be managed efficiently and effectively. We believe that the main functionalities required by DL applications can be embedded in a general purpose Multimedia Content Management System (MCMS). If we make an analogy to the database field, the MCMS is the analogous of a Database Management System (DBMS) in the domain of document intensive applications, as for instance digital libraries, see Figure 2. DBMSs are software tools specialized to support database applications like banking systems, billing systems, etc. MCMSs are software tools specialized to support applications where documents, embodied in different digital media, and their metadata are efficiently and effectively handled.
5 MILOS: an example of content management system for multimedia digital libraries:An example of content management system for multimedia digital libraries, which satisfies the requirements and offers the functionalities discussed in previous section, is MILOS (Multimedia dIgital Library Object Server). MILOS [12,10] has been developed by using the Web Service technology, which in many cases (e.g. .NET, EJB, CORBA, etc.) already provides very complex support for ―standard‖ operations such as authentication, authorization management,
Designing and building digital library application with MILOS: Designing and building digital library application with MILOS In order to verify and demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of MILOS in managing different heterogeneous DL applications, we took four data sets used by four different existing DLs and we built from scratch the corresponding DL application on top of MILOS. The data sets that we considered consist of
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documents and metadata of very different nature: the Reuters data set [4], the ACM Sigmod Record dataset [5], the DBLP data set [1], and the ECHO data set [11]. These data sets and the corresponding MILOS powered DL applications are described in next subsections. The DL applications that we built use the same MILOS installation and all data sets were stored together.
ACM Sigmod Record and DBLP data sets: Both the ACM Sigmod Record data-set [5] and the DBLP data-set [1] consists of metadata corresponding to the description of scientific publications in the computer science domain. The ACM Sigmod record is relatively small. It is composed of 46 XML files (1Mb), while the DBLP data-set is composed of just one large (187Mb) XML file. Their structure is completely different even if they contain information describing similar objects. For these two datasets we built just one DL application from which both data are accessed. We exploited the mapping functionality of MILOS for having the requests of the application correctly translated for the two schemas. We associated a full text index to the elements containing the titles of the articles, and we associated other value indexes to other frequently searched elements, such as the authors, the dates, the years, etc.
ECHO data set : The ECHO data set [11] includes historical audio/visual documents and the corresponding metadata. ECHO is a significant example of the capability of MILOS to support the management of arbitrary metadata schemas. The metadata model adopted in ECHO, based on IFLA/FRBR [7] model, is rather complex and strongly structured. It is used for representing the audio-visual content of the archive and includes among others, the description of videos in English and in the original language, specific metadata fields such as Title, Producer, year, etc., the boundaries of scenes detected (associated with a textual descriptions), the audio segmentation (distinguishing among noise, music, speech, etc.), the Speech Transcripts, and visual features for supporting similarity search on key-frames.
Conclusion:- This paper proposed an approach to build Multimedia Content Management Systems for digital library applications. The solutions proposed can be used to obtain a system that is flexible in the management of documents with different types of content and descriptions, and that is efficient and scalable in the storage and content based retrieval of these documents. In particular, we described the approach adopted to support the management of different metadata descriptions of multimedia documents in the same repository.
References:
1. Echo: European CHronicles On-line. http://pc-erato
2.iei.pi.cnr.it/echo/.
3. Motion picture experts group. http://mpeg.cselt.it.
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