6 ANÁLISIS E INTERPRETACION DE LOS DATOS
6.1 IMPACTO DE LA CRISIS EN EL SECTOR PRIMARIO
6.1.3 Despoblación rural
Following ethics approval, my first engagement with participants was the survey of
nurses (Appendix 1). Developing and conducting the survey required significant
practical and ‘political’ efforts. As well as generating useful preliminary and
contextual data, conducting the survey introduced me and the research to potential
nurse interviewees and to the ‘gatekeepers’ of potential consumer‐interviewees.
Reflective data was also generated via journaling at the time the survey was
conducted. This journal record indicated that there was substantial interest in the
topic, and that the topic sometimes evoked strong and polarised reactions including
possible reluctance to talk about suicide and related nursing practice.
4.2.1. Survey design and recruitment
I sought the advice of a health‐science statistician in order to utilise the ‘Survey
Monkey’ software in the design and delivery of the survey. Mental health nursing
academics in two universities were invited to participate in the first pilot of the
survey and modifications around content and question types and scales were made
in response. The second pilot involved nurses at two MHS sites and led to further
refinement including the addition of questions that were deemed important, and
clarification of some of the language. A third pilot involved different nurses at the
same two MHS sites, as well as the previous academics, and resulted in the final
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The survey consists of scaled questions, scaled questions with an open‐ended
option, and open‐ended questions. The survey questions chiefly concern
demographic details, how often and in what manner the nurses interacted with
consumers in suicidal crisis, what effects the nurses understood their interactions to
have, and what they thought mediated the potential for therapeutic interaction (see
Appendix 1 for the specific questions). Mindful of the demands on nurses’ time, and
the broader issue of ‘survey fatigue’ (Porter et al. 2004), the survey was designed to
take 10‐15 minutes to complete.
Registered nurses (RNs) employed with MHS during the data collection phase of
March to June 2010 (n=235) were invited to voluntarily and anonymously participate
in the survey. The invitation was issued via email contact and also through the
support and encouragement of MHS team leaders. I visited most of the MHS sites
during this phase to answer questions and raise awareness of the study. Participants
were offered the choice of completing the survey online or using a hardcopy version.
Invitation to participate was made to all MHS registered nurses excluding those
working in drug and alcohol and forensic services. Those two services were omitted
in the interests of minimising variables to enhance the usefulness of findings using
the limited resources and relatively small samples available. Surveys were supplied
with an accompanying information sheet (contained within Appendix 1) that
included a further invitation to participate in the interview phase of the research
should the nurse wish to do so. Consent for the survey was given via submission of
the survey.
In promoting the survey and the broader research project, I found that people were,
overall, very receptive to the idea of suicide‐related research. Nurses expressed to
me that they liked the idea of contributing their viewpoints and it was evident that
they considered suicide to be a significant issue. It was also evident that nurses
perceived that they regularly ‘cared’ for suicidal consumers and that this care
entailed many challenges. However, the nurses’ interest in the topic, and enthusiasm
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responses from 37% of the target population for the survey (n=87) required
extensive email contact with individuals and team leaders and saw me personally
visit 17 MHS sites (some more than once). Personal contact is demonstrated to
increase response rates to online surveys (Cook et al. 2000) and this was my
experience. I also posted flyers on noticeboards and in staff ‘pigeon‐holes’, enlisted
the support of SMHS directors who made additional contact via email and in person
with team members, and I fostered clinical level ‘champions’ of the research (people
who were strongly supportive of the research and happy to promote invitation to
participate within their teams). Thus, all possible efforts within the resource and
time limitations were undertaken to facilitate the nurses’ participation in the survey.
Anecdotally, people within MHS who regularly surveyed staff stated that any
response rate above 20% was to be considered a relative ‘success’.
Survey results reflected the following details of the survey‐participant population:
Table 4.2. Survey‐participant demographics Gender 43.4% male 56.6% female (total n=87) Location 61.2% South Tas. 23.5% North Tas. 15.3%
North West Tas. Setting 60% inpatient 28.3% community Years of Experience 28.6% 15+ 20.2% 10‐14 19% 5‐9 23.8% 1‐4 8.3% <1
In comparing these specific demographic details with nursing workforce statistics
supplied to me by SMHS, it is suggested that the sample group was reasonably
representative in respect to those demographics.
4.2.2. Summary
Administering the survey as part of this study was challenging. Despite enthusiasm
expressed to me directly, I perceived that ‘survey fatigue’, a culture of ‘busyness’
(Street 1992, p. 49; Robinson 1995), the lack of a strong research culture (Retsas
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practice, appeared to account for the moderate participation rate. Another potential
obstacle to fuller participation was possibly related to the view expressed by some
nurses that a ‘survey cannot do justice to the complexity of this issue’ (Survey nurse).
The survey of nurses did, however, help generate valuable contextual data, clarify
and identify pertinent issues for the nurses, and give them an initial opportunity to
voice their opinions about the topic and the research process. The survey was thus a
valuable research strategy, and an effective precursor used to complement the
interview data. Conducting the survey also provided a mechanism to introduce me
and the research to MHS. This later assisted me to invite participation in the
subsequent interview phase.