Determinación de la redistribución factible

by P application at all times of harvest.

But the effect of N was �edified

by a spray x N interaction in which N had a nil effect in the sprayed si tuatic=>.

but a significantly depressing effect in t�e non-sprayed situation. The implications of this effect v:ill be discussed further in section

6

of this thesis.

The effect of higher rates of banded

N

and

P

fertiliser on the

yield of seed from terminal capsules may <tlso have important practical

implications •. The data of Frappell (Personul Communication) also showed that there was quite a marked tendency for total seed yield to decfease as

plant density was increased. Therefore the argument that \·laS used to predict dec'!:eases in terminal capsule y:i.eld uuci.er a high density cultural

system �lith high rates o f

N P

fertilis�r may also apply a to the

possibility of decreases in seed yield.

In addition to the possibility of high rates of banded

N P

causing yield reductions at very high densities, the converse may also apply. That is, the yield increases of capsule and seed achieved at the density of

50

plants/m2 used i� this experiment with

N1 P1

�ombination were basically

attributable to the effect on number of capsules/plant. It is therefore possible that still higher yields could be achieveci. at lower

d

ensi tie:;; \vi th similar high rates of N and P. If this latter relationship did apply to

such an extent t

h

at the larger capsule numbers \vere diffused over a g.:-eate!' length of the plant then it may be disadvantageous for machine harvesting at

the dry capsule stage. It ��y mean that excessive quantities of steo would

need to be included to rea.p all the capsules. This speculation raises the further po�sibilities of breeding more $Uitably conpact varieties

or

altern­ atively the possibility of harvesting the whole green plant or part oi it as discussed in Section

4

of this thesis.

5.4.4.

N

ut

r

ient imbal�nce

An alternative explanation of the decreases in yield of terminal capsules due to high rates of banded P (Table

33)

and the

decrease

100.

be partially related to nutrient imbalance . Although soil potassium levels were relatively high in this experiment (83 m.e./10 kg of soil) K may h�ve become a limiting factor ;.t the high levels of 100

_kg/ha

for each of N and P. \�hen potassium Has applied at 75 kg/ha on the krasnozem it fai.led to give a respon&e ��hen broadcast in factorial combination I·Jith 15 ke;/na P d:nilarly broadcast ( Fr�l!)pell, Personal Communication) • However responses may still

be obtained f:::-om K applicution at the higher leYels of P used in this exper5.mcnt 5.5. Conclusions

ln this experiment N x P inte:>:-action effects were recorded for dry matter yield of total plant at all times of harvest after flowering ('�able

_4o).

Prior to flowering and vrhen measured tw!.'l'/e weeks after so1�ing the N·l P1

treatment exceeded NO P1 by 74% (Table 31). N x

P

interaction effects •,rere also recorded for the co�ponents of lateral capsule yield, total cap��le yield,

total C"�sule number per plant a.."ld the yield of stem and leaves. For these characteristics N1 P1 exceeded NO P1 by 5?%, 13%, 30% and 18% respectively (Tables 3lf, 35, 32, 39) .

Phosphorus fertiliser had a small but significantly depres.:,ing effect and nitrozen had a nil effect on terminal causule yield (Table 33). However the yield of seed from ter.;;inal capsules was modified by a ti: 1e of harvest x P and also by tir.te of harvest x N interaction ��hich resulted J.n

yields bein6 depr

e

ssed at th�

later harvests (Table 36).

Hean .seed yield

from lateral capsul.es was increased by both N and P at all times of harvest (Table 37) .

6 . 1 .

Int�odaction

In the fertilis�:-- experiment described ir. sec·tion

2. _{4 .}

the capsu) es were heavily ir.fected with fungi and lliOI'phine levels •,.rere only about half

the expected avera,ee. This ty2e of variation has been experienced in ti1e European poppy .:$Z'Oiving areas

and

some authc,�·s have attributed a sienif-

icant part of the variation

to

fungal attack

(Kopp 1957,

KleinscrJlidt and Hothes 19�·6, J·!iczulska

1967).

In the field fertiliser e.>..-perime'lt at :<'orthside in

1970/71 (2.4. )

many of the capsules with surface growth of fungi also arpeared very sus­ ceptible tc bird attack '•fi th obvio1.:.s crackj n&,; of the ca.:;.sule �;all. 'I·�is sug,sested that t!le fun0i h� actually penetr2.ted and 11eakened the ca:,.sule wall a."lc.! s+.rengt:.er!ed the susr;iciol'! t!!at t!1ey may have been significar:tly

invol·;ed in tl'.e lo•• :norpiline cc:-:ce:<tratior of: c.-ps�J.es.

S<!mples of f1.:.n ;al-coloniscd caps:1les ·,,ere taken f:-on this !"ield.

ex,9eriment for identification of the ft:n.:ri involved, r:icroscopic secticr.s

of the caps:.1le ':/all l>'ere also taken froo Ca!)sules f1•ee of fun!Ji and ti:ose >lith heavy fun&al gro�>·th

.

In

a

d

dition the. fun.;al isolates •.:ere inoculated cnto &Tound C?psule ��terial to assess whether they could bre�� tow� �o=­ phine . ·��ia ex?eri�er.t ar.d the ider.tification of capsules are d€scribed in

section 6.2.

In t�e

1971/72

season, altho�h fungal colonisation of czps�les

was ·rehtivE:ly lo·.-� so:;:e associatior.s �1ere dra;..:'l betw�en degree of

fur.:a:!.

cover Md capsul-:: �o:rphine cor:tent. studies are set out

in

secti�l'! f.;.

In th� field experi:1er.t of

1973/74 stud,..:ins

tir.:e of hr.:-vest ���:.

set out in detail in !lection 4 . 3 . , f"�gicidal spraya were also included.

The object of

t

_nis �as as :ollcws :-

(i) To assess the effect of fun3icidal sprays on the dry matter ��d rr.orf!hir:e JiclC.s of the vr::cious L;lar.t cou1poner:.ts when tl'w · _.. :1ole

Plate 1 2 ,

1 02 .

�� external view of a heavi ly infected capsul e (left ) wi th an uninfected capsul e on the rignt .

(

ii

)

To monitor the development of funrri on tP.rmina: napsules at each ticc

of harvest.

The results of t'lis study are set o:.1t in section

6.4.

6. 2.

The :Sffect of on the Concentr!'ltion of Ground

! <!terial

6.2. 1 . �?teriPls �nd lethods

6. 2. 1 . 1 . identification

Caps:.1les were exa�ined from the field experiment at Forth� ide ( :oection 2.

4 · ) .

In all cases fu:1si were sporulatill(� on cap:;•1les a."1d realiily identifiable. Isolates were maintained on slopes of potato dextrose ?.�ar. Isolations from seed �ere 1�de by placing directly on PDA

plates co:r;Jercia:ly ca.ptan-uusted seed, undusted seed froDl ini'ected cap­ sules and seed which •.;e>s surf<.>ce sterilised for one minute with

0.1fo

n,ercuric ci1loride.

I·:J.cro!l:copic sections of fungal-colonised �d non-colonised capr;:.1le wall are si10vm in plates

1 3 and

i 4 at a ;n�ification of x

300.

6 . 2 . 1 .2.

r'unra.l inoculation of caosules·

The ability of the three isolated fungi to utilise morphine v:a�: detei'Ir.ined by gro.ving the:n on a moist ground capsule ll!edium and a.'1alysil"-3 th!.s for morphine content. \v'hole ca:;>sules, not includir.g see<i, were ground in a mill to pass a one mm sieve. This material 1vas divided

into equivalent S@l!ples of four gra.:ns by repeated coning and quarterir..:;. ·r�1enty· nine samples of four gr�s each were placed in glass petri dishes. :Sach sample 1•as mi:i.:ed to a _{paste with}

₅

_{ml. of deionised 1o�ater.} :-3amples 1•ere autcclaved at 1 1 8°C for 20 n:inutes and morphine is staole at this temperature.

I:!oculation ·.•i th the three fur.gi was car:ied out by placins five pieces of 5mm square PDA 11i th actively gro•.ving myceliwn on e:ach dish of auto­

claved, coo

l

ed medium. l'here · .. ere six replicates of t.ach fullf,'US and controls

104.

atmosphere at

2t�°C

for se'rentecn days

,

•t�hen one replica.te vias analysed to

indicate th� rate of ;;:o:::-

p

hine b-::-eakdO\·:n. 1'he rem<Jinin.:; plates 1.;ere exao- ined for the p:::esence of c n!taninants and

ar.al

ysed on t:::e t\Je!'lty-.::ouxth da;r.

Dry 1

un

inoculated po•11der 1-.'as r�t<dned for

r..orph

ine analy!>i. s to indicate v:l::et!.·�r hydrolysi.s or gener·e>l. breakdown of morphine Has occurring

in the moist samples. In this experimen t the six replicates Hera se t out in a completely randot!ised design.

6.2.2. 1 . _!de

r

!tification of

The fun;si occurrinc; on tr.e surfaces

o

f car;su�es in this expcri;,:er.t •,:ere sent to the Con:•J.:om1eal th :;ycolo3ical Institute at Y.e;·; in the Uni _{t�ci Li.n6dO!!..} '.(l":tey .·:ere ic.cntiLed as follo;,•s:- Cladosuori·.;"�

� l

...

. ... · ' t ,-

....

, ... ... (�'r ) -1 r -:- · · Yh"l� . • �

.;. .. ... ;... c..-

.......

..

.

.,.c;..

-

• C

,

v'te.:'l ... •.

,

_

...

, _ � _ , .

:

allr

)

• i::ia'..:.cns, t:..e conidial sts,:;e of Pleosoora -oauaverace3 (cie �-Jot ) Sacc.

r l 'lt · ' ,; 1 ·

....

·

(t' ·

f t

i.Jn y

_,,

ernan.a sp. anc. •. e :un

..

:1os-cor-1tc.'ll S!J. ne ltrper_ec stage of _{?leos�or<'. v:ere isolated fro-:. captan-dusted and sur-}

face sterilised seed.

6 . 2 . 2 . 2 . ex::<�;ination of ca·:)sule 1:all sect::.c.ns

A

comparisvr! of il"..fected a:r.d n_on-in_fected capsule •

..

:all sections shov;ed t·r1at the fungi had penetrated th� interior o: t!1e •.:all o-.r.d.

dis upted tl;e cellul

ar

str-..:.cture (Plates

13 an;i 14).

·rhe f<.ct t:Jat seed. ;:as <>.lso infected imp_lied th;;.t fungi had penetr�ted right into tile in;.�rior

of the cr.�sules.

6. 2.

2. ). i·!ornhine concentr-ation of c?·usules i!'loc:.!b ted

·.-.i'th

The morphine concentration of :�al inoculated and uninoculatea cai:Jsule r

..

.:J.terial is set out in ·rable

41 .

Alternaria and

Plate 1 3 . A transverse section o f the wall from an uninfected cansillc showing vascular bundlAs and related laticifers

(

see

1 : 4 . ) ,

Stained with haematoxylin.

(x250 ) .

Plate 1 4 . A transverse section of the wall from an infected capsule - showing surface colonisation by fungi and penetration of

hy�hae into the interior �Vith di sruption of cell s . �ta�ned with haemato�ylin.

(x2 50 ) .

106.

iielr.1inthosnorium (:Jendryphion) sp. ciepre:.:�seC.:

J:Jorphi:-:e

ccmcent.rations to

levels vet·;; sig!1ific:L'1tly (P < 0.01) lec;s than either t:.e L10is t ( 'iUtocla.v�ci)

o=

C.ry

unino::ulated tr-eatments or Cladospo:::::wo: ('.L'nble 41 ) .

'.::'able �� � . The

c!'fect

of 1'unc:i on the

r nrnhinc

concen-:rati<-n of

•'":'C��.d.

Treat.

No.

2

5

4

5

... _C' ... L•\J•;J•

cansules 24

after inoculation

Treatment

In document Propuesta de redistribución de planta y su efecto en la productividad, en el taller de maestranza turbinas de la empresa Agroindustrias San Jacinto s a a (página 159-177)