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only to the question asked. Market surveys and interviews by news paper

correspondents are the suitable examples.

3. Focused interviews : These methods of interviews are in between directive and non - directive. Here the methods are neither fully standardized nor non-standardized.

Here the objective is to focus the attention of the respondents on a specific issue or point. Example: A detective questioning a person regarding a crime committed in an area.

4. In-depth interviews : In these interview methods, the respondents are encouraged to express his thoughts on the topic of the study. In depth interviews are conducted to get important aspects of psycho - social situations, which are otherwise not readily evident.

The major strength of these kinds of interviews is their capacity to uncover the basic and complete answers to the questions asked.

Advantages of interviews

Despite the variations in interviews techniques the following are the advantages of the same.

1. Interviews may help to collect more information and also in depth information.

2. The unstructured interviews are more advantages since, there is always an opportunity for the interviewers to restructure the questions.

3. Since the respondents are contacted for the information, there are always greater advantages of creating support and collecting personal information also.

4. Interviews help the researcher to collect all the necessary information, here the evidence no response will be very low.

5. It is also possible for the interviewer to collect additional information about the environment, name, behavior and attitude of the respondents.

Disadvantages of interviews

1. Interviews are expensive methods especially in case of widely spread geographical samples are taken.

2. There may be a possibility for the barriers in the case of both interviewer and the respondent.

3. These methods are also time-consuming especially when the large samples are taken for the study.

4. There may be a possibility for the respondent to hide the real opinion, so genuine data may not be collected.

5. Sometimes there will be great difficult in adopting interview methods became fixing appointment with the respondent itself may not be possible.

Hence, for successful implementation of the interview method, the interviewer should be carefully selected, trained and briefed.

How to make interviews successful?

1. As mentioned above, the interviewers must be carefully selected and trained properly.

2. The interviewer should have the knowledge of exploring to collect the needed information from the respondent.

3. Honesty and integrity of the interviewer also determines the outcomes of the interview.

4. The support with the respondent should be created by the interviewer.

5. Qualities such as politeness, courteousness friendly and conversational are necessary to make the interview successful.

Telephonic Interviews

A part from all the above the telephonic interviews are also conducted to collect the data. Respondents are contacted over the phone to gather data. Telephonic interviews are more flexible in timing - it is faster than other methods and this method is cheaper method also. For these sorts of interviews no field's staff is required and also the

information can be recorded without causing embarrassment to respondents especially when very personal questions are asked. But these methods are much restricted to the respondents who have telephone facility. Possibility for the biased replies is relatively more and since there is not personal touch by both there is a greater possibility for non answered questions.

QUESTIONNAIRES

Questionnaires are widely used for data collection in social sciences, research

particularly in surveys. This is been accepted as a reliable not for gathering data from large, diverse and scattered social groups. Bogardus describes the questionnaire as a list of questions sent to a number of persons for their answers and which obtains standards results that can be tabulated and treated statistically.

There are two types of questionnaires, also which are structured and unstructured.

The design of the questionnaire may vary based on the way it is administered. The questionnaire methods are most extensively used in economic and business surveys.

Structured questionnaire

These contain definite concrete and preordained questions. The answer collected using this structured questionnaire is very precise and there is no vagueness and ambiguity.

The structured questionnaire may have the following types:

1. Closed - form questionnaire: Questions are set in such a way that leaves only few alternative answers. Example: Yes / No type questions.

2. Open - ended questionnaire: Here the respondent has the choice of using his own style, expression of language, length and perception. The respondents are not restricted in his replies.

Unstructured questionnaire

The questions in this questionnaire are not structured in advance. These sorts of questionnaire give more scopes for variety of answers. Mainly to conduct interviews where in different responses are expected, these type of questionnaire are used.

The researcher should be much clear on when to use the questionnaire. These can be mostly used in case of descriptive and explanatory type of research. Example:

Questionnaire on attitude, opinion, and organizational practices, enable the researcher to identify and describe the variability.

Advantages of the Questionnaire

· Cost involved is low in case of widely spread geographical sample.

· It is more appreciable one because it more free from the subjectivity of the interviews.

· Respondents also may find adequate time to give well thought answers.

· It is more advantages in the case when respondents are not reachable.

But the rate of return of questionnaire and the fulfillment at needed data for the study may be doubtful. This can be used only when the respondents are educated and will know to read the language in which questionnaire is prepared. Possibilities for

ambiguous replies, omission of replies are more. This method is more time consuming.

Before sending the final questionnaire to the respondents it is always more important to conduct the Pilot study for resting the questionnaire. Pilot study is just a rehearsal of the main survey such survey conducted with help of experts brings more strength to the questionnaire.

Data collection through schedules

This method is very much like data collection through questionnaires. Schedules are a proforma containing set of questions which are filled in by the enumerators who are specially appointed for this purpose. In this method the enumerators are expected to perform well and they must be knowledgeable and must possess the capacity of cross examination in order to find the truth. These methods are usually expensive and are conducted by bigger and Government organizations.

OBSERVATION

Observation is one of the cheaper and effective techniques of data collection. The observation is understood as a systematic process of recording the behavioral patterns of people, objects and occurrence as they are witnessed.

Using this observational method of data collection the following data related to movements, work habits, the statements mad and meetings conducted,[by human begins] facial expressions, body language and other emotions such as joy, anger and sorrowfulness of the human beings can be collected.

Also other environmental factors includes layout, workflow patterns, physical arrangements can also be noted. In this method of data collection the investigator collects the data without interacting with the respondents. Example: Instead of asking about the brands of shirts or the program they watch on just observing their pattern.

The observation would be classified based on the role of researcher as: