CAPITULO II: MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
2. DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
Concerns regarding research ethics revolve around issues of harm, consent, privacy and confidentiality. Historically, there were few laws prior to the 1960s regarding the research process and some horror stories have emerged from that time (Berg, 2004) where especially behavioural scientists used studies involving human subjects. Since the 1960s, qualitative practices have become more abundant giving rise to a wider range of potential problems and harm for participants, including their rights to privacy and confidentiality. Today, standard practice requires researchers to obtain ethics approval from their university or equivalent research institution before embarking on any data collection for their study. Ethics guidelines offer a form of quality control within research communities.
In devising the methods of data collection, ethical considerations were integral to the planning and were scrutinised by the Massey University Ethics Committee. As researcher, it was my obligation to ensure the rights, privacy and welfare of the people and communities involved in this research. All prospective participants were given details of the research intentions and procedures (see appendices 2a, 2b and 2c.). The adult participants, namely the principals and teachers, were able to independently decide whether they wanted to be involved or not. However, the consent of teachers also involved the consent of their principal that they be allowed to participate. The principals had an overview of the school community and were able to make informed decisions as to the availability of their staff, and subsequently the groups of potential student participants. Once it was established which staff members were available and willing to be interviewed, a consent form was signed (see appendices 3a, 3b and 3c). Interviews took place when convenient for the teachers and at a time of least disruption to the school timetable. Principals were also interviewed at their convenience. Student participants were drawn from senior technology classes that were taught by the participant teachers. At a time, convenient to the teachers, based on the timing of the students’ learning programmes, I made an initial visit to the classes, with the teachers present, to share information with the students regarding the intended interviews. Students were also given
information sheets about the research. During my initial visit I carefully explained these information sheets, took questions from the students, and made it absolutely clear that they were not obliged to sign the consent forms to participate in the interviews. Because all of the potential student participants were over 16, their own signatures on the interview consent forms were sufficient. Their anonymity in relation to data analysis and reporting was guaranteed. The intention was that no school or individual would be identifiable. Consent from participants was given in writing, and they were free to withdraw their participation in the research at any time. The process of receiving ethics approval prior to the conduct of this research was carried out as a requirement, guided by the stringent procedures set out by the University Human Ethics Committee. These procedures have been carefully formulated to protect the individuals involved in the research.
However, as indicated in the previous section, one issue that was not fully resolved in this research was the implications of not returning transcripts to participants for their verification. While this step was not included in commitments given to participants (see appendices 2a, 2b and 2c), obviously it is good practice to provide an opportunity for participants to verify their comments. In this respect, two potential problems arise:
1. Were the views sufficiently accurate?
2. Were the participants comfortable with being quoted?
In relation to question 1, clearly some loss of accuracy will have resulted because, as always when scripts are returned for checking, some subjects will want to have made alterations. However, to help offset this problem, scripts were carefully examined for their “internal” coherence or consistency. In other words, if inconsistencies were present in a subject’s transcript, these were given less weight in the analysis because of the possibility that they reflected comments that needed further development or reflection.
In relation to the second question, paraphrasing is provided in relation to the comments made by participants, but quotes have still been used where these show “proof” of the paraphrasing and do not in any way provide a basis for recognising the participants.
CHAPTER 4
Results
The results in this chapter are presented in three parts: Part A gives the detailed case study report on Schools A and D. These schools were chosen because A (like C) is a lower decile coeducational school, and D shares with B a higher decile rating. In many respects A and C identify similar concerns as evidenced in the interviews, and B and D share similar/overlapping concerns. As will be seen, A and C align more with the “older” view of technology in respect of the comments of participants whilst B and D align more with the newer view of technology. There was no particular reason for choosing A over C and D over B. Part B gives an overview of themes that emerged from the responses in the two schools that are not reported in depth (Schools B and C). Part C draws together the results from all schools, examining the commonalities and differences in relation to the themes identified.
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