Ministerio de Salud
DISPOSICIÓN N.º 15/DGEGRL/
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels Chemical Engineering for Non-Majors
Ed Gatzke
Kelly Kopchak, Jacob Lambert, Kayla Revelle
Who is this?
A Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
B Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)
C Amedo Avogadro (1776-1856)
D Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander
von Humboldt (1769-1859)
E I have no clue and don‘t care
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
C Amedo Avogadro (1776-1856)
Avogadro’s constant for 1 mole of molecules
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro
Definitions
•Limiting reactant: substance that is completely used in a
chemical reaction
•Activation energy: amount of energy needed to start a
chemical reaction
•Catalyst: substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
•Equilibrium: the point when the rate of the forward
reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Phases of Matter
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Solid Liquid Gas
Firm, rigid Set volume Cannot be compressed Fluid Finite volume Cannot be compressed Fluid No volume/shape Compressible
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2 Phase Diagram
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryformajorsxmaster/chapter/phase-diagrams-2/
Limiting Reactant
Limiting reactant: the reactant that is completely used at the end of a chemical reaction
Excess reactant: the reactant that has not been completely used at the end of a chemical reaction
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Limiting Reactant
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Limiting: Toast Excess: Cheese
Equilibrium
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Before Equilibrium Equilibrium Reached
Mols A Mols B
More mols of A than B Products are equal
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3 Activation Energy and Catalyst
•Activation energy: amount of
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
•Catalyst requirements:
•Speeds up reaction
•Cannot be consumed by reaction •Does not change the equilibrium
of the reaction
•Catalysts reduce activation
energy needed to start reaction
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
En er gy Reactants Products activation energy activation energy with catalyst Chemical Processes
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Anaerobic:
•Oxygen/air is not present
•Example: fermentation
(used in making beer, wine, and spirits)
Aerobic:
•Uses air as reactant or
catalyst in the reaction
•Takes place in presence of
oxygen
Cellular respiration:
•Occurs when a cell extracts sugar
from a molecule using oxygen
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Energy
Accumulation = In – Out + Created – Destroyed
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels Chemical Engineering for Non-Majors
Ed Gatzke
Kelly Kopchak, Jacob Lambert, Kayla Revelle
Energy
•Energy cannot be created or destroyed
•First Law of Thermodynamics
•Total energy has remained constant throughout time
•Convert and changed, but never created
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Basic Mass Balance
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
In Out Created Destroyed
on Accumulati
• Overall solution must equal zero!
• This equation can also relate to energy
Basic Energy Balance
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• E is energy
• U is internal energy
• KE is kinetic energy
• PE is potential energy
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2 Kinetic Energy
•One type of energy is kinetic energy
•Energy due to motion
•Also know as mechanical energy
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Potential Energy
•Other type of energy is potential
•Many different forms
•Gravitational •Chemical •Elastic (spring) •Electrical
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Potential Energy
Example of Gravitational Potential Energy
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Potential energy of object 10 feet up in the air Potential energy of object on ground Potential Energy
•Chemical potential energy
•Energy transferred during chemical reaction
•Elastic potential energy
•Energy of spring due to positioning
•Electrical potential energy
•Energy dependent on point charges in electric field
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3 Kinetic vs Potential
Kinetic energy can be converted to potential energy and vice versa
Ex. An object 10 ft off the ground could fall due to gravity. The ball loses it’s potential energy but gains kinetic energy as it is speeding towards the Earth
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Units of Energy
•SI unit for energy is a Joule
•Defined as 1 kg/m2
•English unit is a foot-pound (lbf)
•In Earth’s 9.8 m2/s gravity, a 102 g object 1meter above
sea level has 1 joule of energy
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Work
•In chemical engineering, work is causing an object to
move by force
•Work can be positive or negative
•Expansion work
•Gas expands in a controlled environment
•W = -P*dV
•E = W + q
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Power
•Power is the rate of work being done
•Energy consumed per time
•Units are Watts (W)
•W = joule/second for SI units •W = foot-pounds/seconds
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4 Energy Content
•Common energy sources
•Do work on system by producing heat or motion
•1 gallon of gasoline
•1.3x108Joules
•Equivalent to 1.5 gallons of ethanol
•Equivalent to 1.54 gallons of liquefied natural gas (LNG) •Equivalent to 2 gallons of methanol
•Equivalent to 1 kg of hydrogen
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Emissions
Energy sources discussed release CO2when burned
Coal > Diesel > Gas > Propane > Natural Gas (methane)
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
This has led to a shift away from coal towards natural gas
Latent Heat
•Latent heat is energy transferred
•Has to be during constant temperature process •Typically occurs is phase changes
•Heat of vaporization
•Substance goes from liquid to gas
•Heat of sublimation
•Substance goes from solid to gas
•Heat of fusion
•Substance goes from solid to liquid
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Latent Heat
•Latent heat types are used often
•Recorded and tabulated for many different temperatures •Used to solve energy balances
•Internal energy changes when a substance undergoes a
latent heat process
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5 Ideal Gas Law
•Ideal gas law only applies for STP conditions
•1 atm and 273 K
•Low densities and no intermolecular forces P*V = n*R*T
•P is pressure •V is volume •n is number of moles •R is ideal gas constant •T is temperature
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Basics of Chemical Engineering
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels Chemical Engineering for Non-Majors
Ed Gatzke
Kelly Kopchak, Jacob Lambert, Kayla Revelle
Who is this?
A Lewis M Norton (1855-1893)
B William H Walker (1869-1934)
C Harry E Armstrong (1848-1937)
D George E Davis (1850-1906)
E I have no clue and don‘t care
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
D George E Davis (1850-1906)
He is considered to be the founding father of chemical engineering
https://ichemepresident.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/george-e-davis.jpg
Definitions
•Closed system: no mass is transferred but energy
transferred across system boundaries
•Open system: mass and energy are transferred across
system boundaries
•Isolated system: no mass/energy transferred across
system boundaries
•Rigid system: does not store energy
•Non-rigid system: stores energy
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Vessel/Tank
•Stores gases/liquids
•No reactions take place
•Kept at certain
temperature and pressure
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2 Mixer
•Combines two or more
process streams into one
•Streams going in should
be at same temperature and pressure
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one outlet stream https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Batch_reactor.2.jpg Compressor •Increases pressure of gas by decreasing volume
•Used for gases
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Low Pressure In High Pressure Out
http://www.oakwell.com.sg/Uploads/Product/250_Gas_Compressor03.JPG
Pump
•Used with liquids
•Increases pressure
and fluid flow rate
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels Liquid In
Increased Pressure and Fluid Flow Rate Out
Turbine
•Used with liquids
•Decreases pressure
•Captures energy
from the fluid
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
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3 Reactor
•Where chemical reactions
take place
•Products produced from
reactants
•Types of Reactors:
•Batch: closed system •Continuous: open system,
steady state, accumulation term is zero
•Semi-Batch: open system, mass transfer into vessel but doesn’t exit system
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Batch_reactor_STR.svg/80px-Batch_reactor_STR.svg.png
Batch Continuous Semi-Batch
Separator
•Separates wanted products
from unwanted mixtures
•Examples:
•Distillation column •Absorbers •Scrubbers
•Membranes
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels Mixed Feed Stream
Se pa ra to r Unwanted Product Stream Wanted Product Stream Recycle Stream
•After the separator, unused reactants are fed back into
the process using a recycle stream
•Helps cut costs and keep stoichiometric ratios to the
reactor constant
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
Mixer Reactor Separator
Feed Stream Product Stream Recycle Stream Still
•Used to distill liquid
mixtures by boiling the more volatile component
•It then cools the gas back
to the pure liquid state
•Used in production of
alcohol at small scale distilleries and moonshine making
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
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4 Plate and Frame Filtration
•Separation apparatus for solid-
liquid systems
•A slurry is pumped through
filters and the solids collect on the filter while the liquid is pumped through
•Used in the production of beer
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
http://image.made-in-china.com/43f34j00TsGtBnPCnOqh/Beer-Plate-and-Frame-Filter-Press.jpg
Engineering Design Process
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels
1. Define problem 2. Do research
3. Specify requirements 4. Develop solutions 5. Choose best solution 6. Build prototype 7. Test
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