Beer, Booze, and Biofuels Chemical Engineering for Non-Majors
Ed Gatzke
Kelly Kopchak, Jacob Lambert, Kayla Revelle
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
•Methane stored at high pressure
•Alternative fuel source to gasoline and Diesel fuel •Releases fewer undesirable gases
•Safer than other fuels during a spill
•Lighter than air so disperses quickly
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http://www.energybc.ca/images/naturalgas/gasdiagram.jpg
How it’s made
•Made by compressing natural gas
•Compressed to less than 1% of standard volume •Usually stored in cylindrical or spherical tanks
•Can be used in internal combustion engines
•Must be modified from traditional engines
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Dedicated vs Dual Fuel
•Dedicated engines
•Use only compressed natural gas
•Dual Fuel
•Contain compressed natural gas and gasoline systems •Gasoline system is used to extend driving range
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2 Where in the world?
•CNG engines are growing in popularity
•Iran •Pakistan
•Indian capital city of Delhi
•Growing in popularity due to increasing
gas prices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural _gas#Advantages
Why isn’t this being used?
•Cost and placement of fuel storage tanks
•Early adopters are public transportation
•Cost of fuel tanks has decreased as more are implemented
•Number of vehicles has grown
•Steady 30% increase every year
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Advantages
•Lower maintenance costs than traditional vehicles
•No loss or evaporation of fuel
•CNG fuel systems are completely sealed
•Less pollution
•Emits significantly less greenhouse gases
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Disadvantages
•Storage tanks require me space than traditional fuels
•CNG designed cars accommodate larger tanks
•Tanks are installed under the body of the vehicle •Tanks can compromise structural integrity of vehicle
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3 E85
•E85 is an ethanol gasoline fuel blend
•Refers to a mixture that is 85% ethanol fuel by volume
•In the United States
•Percentages can vary from 51-83%
•Elsewhere in the world
•E85 is 85% ethanol
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http://cdn.speednik.com/files/2015/09/2015- 09-22_14-35-34.jpg
Why not always 85%?
•Ethanol has a lower heating value than gasoline
•More difficult to crank engines in cold temperatures •Mixing varying fractions help combat this problem
•Many other countries that use E85 have warm climates
•Brazil •Australia
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Flex Fuel Vehicles
•Vehicles designed to run on multiple fuels
•Typically gasoline and ethanol or methanol •Both fuels are stored in same tank
•Many different car makers have developed flex fuel vehicles
•Original Ford Model T ran on either gasoline or ethanol •Ford- Taurus
•Dodge- Caravan
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Chemistry Basics
Beer, Booze, and Biofuels Chemical Engineering for Non-Majors
Ed Gatzke
Kelly Kopchak, Jacob Lambert, Kayla Revelle
Who is this?
A. John Dalton (1766-1844)
B. Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)
C. Linus Pauling (1901-1994)
D. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (1743-1794)
E. I have no clue and don‘t care
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D Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
He was a French noble man who is widely considered the “father of modern chemistry”
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co mmons/6/6c/Antoine_lavoisier_color.jpg
Definitions
•Chemistry: the study of substances, their identification,
properties, how they interact, react and change
•Scientific method: the process used in experimentation
to explore observations and answer questions about the natural world
•Atom: the building blocks of matter
•Element: basic form of all matter; consists of a single type
of atom
•Periodic Table: common chart of all known elements
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Scientific Method 1. Propose a question 2. Systematic observation 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test your hypothesis 5. Analyze your data 6. Communicate your results
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2 1. Propose a Question
•What would you like to learn?
•Who? •What? •When? •Where? •Why? •How?
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2. Systematic Observation •Background research can be conducted many ways: •Textbooks •Scholar papers •Encyclopedias •Online
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3. Form a Hypothesis •Hypothesis: educated guess based on observations •Testable by experimentation •Able to be measured •Must be able to be proved wrong
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http://www.sltinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hypothesis-testing-800x400.jpg
4. Test Your Hypothesis
•Use a variety of
laboratory experiments
•Experiment must be able
to be repeated
•Fair and unbiased test
•Tests include
independent and dependent variables
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3 5. Analyze Your Data
•Use the data collected during
experimentation to analyze it using calculations and graphs
•Determine if the experiment
supports your hypothesis
•If your results do not match
your hypothesis, you still report them
•Restart the process with a
new hypothesis
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http://www.techcastle-eg.com/solution/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DataAnalysis.jpg
6. Communicate Your Results
•Share all findings
and conclusions
•Report
•Lab report
•Journals
•Conferences
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http://www.sc.edu/uofsc/images/story_images/2017/single_image_02_discover_usc.jpg
Chemistry Building Blocks
Atoms: smallest
particles of matter which make up everything Elements: made up of one type of atom Molecules: combination of atoms
Compounds: different types of atoms
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https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/93/a8/b7/93a8b7203da57fad689d53bf237b51b1.jpg
Parts of an Atom
Nucleus: center of the atom containing protons and neutrons Proton: positively charged particles Neutron: neutral particles Electron: negatively charged particles orbiting around nucleus
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4 Periodic Table
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https://sciencenotes.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/KidsColorPeriodicTable.png
Periodic Table
•Consists of all known
elements in the universe
•Arranged based on
increasing atomic number
•Atomic number:
number of protons in the nucleus
•Atomic mass: average of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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C
6
Carbon
12.01
Molecules and Compounds
•Molecule: the smallest unit of
a chemical
•Can be composed of the same or different atoms
•Compound: a molecule
consisting of different elements
• 1 mole of substance = 6.022
x 1023molecules (known as
Avagadro’s Number)
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