Diversidad de especies registradas

Employment in Government Sector

If the trend of government employment status among Scheduled Tribes from 1978 to 2000 is analyzed, it is very significant to note that the percentage of government employments, including insurance is much below the proportion of Scheduled Tribe population to total population of the country as shown in Table 5.18. It could be either due to non-implementation of the provision of reservation provided for Scheduled Tribes or non-availability of suitable candidates for employment or both.

51 _{It is based on the calculation of unemployment rate at all India level, under the usual principal status approach for the persons}

aged 15 years and above.

52 _{Government of India. 2013. Report on Third Annual Employment & Unemployment Survey (2012-13), Vol. I. Chandigarh:}

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Table 5.18: Percentage of Combined Government Employment including Insurance Years ST Others 1978 4.7 80.4 1980 5.0 79.2 1989 6.5 76.4 1990 6.7 75.8 1999 6.5 76.8 2000 6.6 76.8 2001 6.7 76.5 2004 6.9 76.0 1994* 6.2 76.9 2000* 6.6 76.8

Source: Thorat and Senapati, 200753

* Percentage of government employees including Insurance.

The data on group-wise distribution of Scheduled Tribe representation in Central Government Services reveals that the percentage of Groups A and B services is much lower than their total representation and their representation in Groups C and D services as indicated in Table 5.19. In 1994, there were 195802 Scheduled Tribe employees out of 3567112 of all employees in central government services. The share of Scheduled Tribes was 5.49 percent at the aggregate level, and it was 2.8 percent and 2.9 percent in Groups A and B services respectively. The share of Scheduled Tribes in Groups C and D is twice as high as in Groups A and B. In 1999, the total strength of central government employees remaining almost the same (3544262), at the aggregate level, the share of Scheduled Tribes in the total has improved from 5.49 percent to 6.17 percent as the absolute number increased from 1,95,802 to 2,18,653. The share in Group A increased to 3.39 percent from 2.92 percent in 1994. Similarly, the shares of Groups C and D increased marginally by 0.7 and 0.8 percentage points respectively. In 2004, total central government employees decreased to 3058506 (from 3544262 in 1999). Similarly, the number of employees among Scheduled Tribes also decreased. It may be due to the effect of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) policies of the Government of India in downsizing the role of government. Further, it is noticed that among Scheduled Tribes the absolute number increased only among Group B services to 6,274 (from 3,512 in 1999). Thus, their share went from 2.35 percent to 4.6 percent. In the Groups A and C, their shares showed slight increase but decreased in Group D.

53 _{Thorat, Sukhadeo and Chittaranjan Senapati. 2007. Reservation in Employment, Education and Legislature: Status and}

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Table 5.19: Scheduled Tribe Representation in Central Government Services in 1994, 1999, and 2004

Year

(Point of Time) Group Total ST Percent

01.01.1994 A 59016 1727 2.92 B 103198 2902 2.81 C 2381613 128228 5.38 D 1023285 62945 6.15 Total 3567112 195802 5.49 01.01.1999 A 93520 3172 3.39 B 104963 3512 2.35 C 2396426 145482 6.07 D 949353 66487 7 Total 3544262 218653 6.17 01.01.2004 A 80011 3311 4.1 B 135409 6274 4.6 C 2040970 136630 6.7 D 802116 53776 6.7 Total 3058506 199991 6.5

Source: Planning Commission (Government of India). 2008. Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-12, Vol. I (Chapter 6: Social Justice), p.114,. New Delhi.

With regard to percentage share of Scheduled Tribes in Central Government jobs category-wise, as seen in Table 5.20, it is clear that the percentage of Scheduled Tribes in Group A and Group B services is very meager. While 0.07 percent of Scheduled Tribes were employed in Group A services in 1960, it was 1.70 percent in 2003. In Group B services, 0.42 percent of Scheduled Tribes were employed in 1960, and it was raised to 3.72 percent in 2003. Interestingly, more than three-fourth (77.53 percent) of the ST employees were under the Group D category in 1960. But, their representation slowly came down to 28.96 percent by 2003, as they perhaps gradually availed opportunities under Group C services over a period of time from 1960 to 2003. Therefore, 21.98 percent of Scheduled Tribe employees were under Group C in 1960, which was raised to 65.62 percent in 2003.

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Table 5.20: Percentage Share of Scheduled Tribe in Central Government Jobs (By Categories)

(Source: Thorat and Senapati 2007)

Table 5.21 provides information on the representation of Scheduled Tribes in Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs) in India, group-wise, for specified years between 1971 and 2010. At each point of time, the number of PSEs included for the purpose has been different. There were 85 in 1971, 177 in 1980, 238 in 1999 and 2001, 189 in 2004 and 206 in 2010. At the aggregate level, the share of Scheduled Tribes was only 2.24 percent in 1971, but it rose to 7.53 percent in 1980 and thereafter it went up only marginally, reaching its peak in 2004 with 8.76 percent, and by 2010 it came down to 7.36 percent. It is interesting to observe that Group D (excluding Safai Karmacharis) alone has the highest share throughout time. In 1980 it was 10.8 percent, and by 1999 and 2001 it reached 11.4 percent and 11.7 percent respectively. In 2004 and 2010, this share rose to around 12.4 percent. The share of Group D (Safai Karmacharis) has always been lying between 1.39 percent and 4.27 percent.

The percentage share of Scheduled Tribe employment in PSEs category-wise between 1971 and 2004, about 0.43 percent of Scheduled Tribes were employed in Group A in 1971, and their employment was raised to 5.27 percent by 2004 (Table 5.22). Similarly, 0.46 percent of Scheduled Tribes were employed in Group B in 1971, which was increased to 7.84 percent by 2004. This reveals low representation of Scheduled Tribes in Group A and Group B services in PSEs when compared to their proportion of population. In 1971, 36.71 percent of Scheduled Tribes were employed in Group C and 62.39 percent in Group D (excluding sweepers). This trend was reversed in 2004 as the employment status under Group C was raised to 58.87 percent, from 36.71 percent in 1971. Concurrently, Group D employment decreased to 28.02 percent in 2004 against 62.39 percent in 1971.

Years Service Groups

On Jan.1 A B C D 1960 0.07 0.42 21.98 77.53 1969 0.14 0.22 38.13 61.50 1970 0.17 0.31 37.48 62.05 1979 0.36 0.48 44.38 54.77 1980 0.40 0.61 44.27 54.72 1989 0.79 0.99 57.68 40.54 1990 0.86 1.20 57.82 40.12 1999 1.45 1.61 66.54 30.41 2000 1.40 1.90 66.40 30.30 2003 1.70 3.72 65.62 28.96

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Table 5.21: Group-wise Number of Employees and Representation of Scheduled Tribes in Public Sector Enterprises in India (01.01.1971 to 1.1.2010)

Year (Point of

Time) Groups

Total No. of Employees

Representation of Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Tribes No. Percent age 01.01.1971 (85 Public enterprises) Group 'A' 31311 53 0.17 Group 'B' 35751 57 0.16 Group 'C' 351347 4519 1.29

Group 'D' (Excluding Safai

Karamcharis) 129220 7680 5.94

Total 547629 12309 2.25

Group 'D' (Safai Karamcharis) 5551 77 1.39

Grand Total 553180 12386 2.24 01.01.1980 (177 Public enterprises) Group 'A' 93984 623 0.66 Group 'B' 97756 1329 1.36 Group 'C' 1274581 98329 7.71

Group 'D' (Excluding Safai

Karamcharis) 353981 38083 10.76

Total 1820302 138364 7.6

Group 'D' (Safai Karamcharis) 36030 1492 4.14

Grand Total 1856332 139856 7.53 01.01.1999 (238 Public enterprises) Group 'A' 207424 5838 2.18 Group 'B' 175326 7180 4.09 Group 'C' 1115312 90551 8.12 Group 'D'

(Excluding Safai Karamcharis) 428341 48717 11.37

Total 1926403 152286 7.91

Group 'D' (Safai Karamcharis) 25961 778 2.99

Grand Total 1952364 153064 7.84 01.01.2001 (238 Public enterprises) Group 'A' 203329 6167 3.04 Group 'B' 191715 8831 4.61 Group 'C' 942496 83051 8.82

Group 'D' (Excluding Safai

Karamcharis) 366882 43046 11.73

Total 1704422 141095 8.28

Group 'D' (Safai Karamcharis) 21234 726 3.42

Grand Total 1725656 141821 8.22 01.01.2004 (189 Public enterprises) Group 'A' 165320 6032 3.65 Group 'B' 156822 8980 5.73 Group 'C' 714125 67396 9.44

Group 'D' (Excluding Safai

Karamcharis) 258663 32073 12.4

Total 1294930 114481 8.84

Group 'D' (Safai Karamcharis) 17778 568 3.19

Grand Total 1312708 115049 8.76 01.01.2010 (206 Public enterprises) Group 'A' 261072 13993 5.35 Group 'B' 208501 13117 6.29 Group 'C' 742516 51884 6.98

Group 'D' (Excluding Safai

Karamcharis) 221159 27546 12.45

Total 1433248 106540 7.43

Group 'D' (Safai Karamcharis) 34162 1462 4.27

Grand Total 1467410 108002 7.36

Source: Public Enterprises Survey of various Years, Department of Public Enterprises, Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises, Govt. of India. Note: Group ‘A’: Executive level; Group ‘B’: Supervisory; Group ‘C’: Workmen/Clerical level; Group ‘D’: Semi-skilled/unskilled labour

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Table 5.22: Percentage of Scheduled Tribe Employees in PSEs, 1971-2004 (By Categories)

Year Service Groups

On Jan 1 A B C D (Excluding Sweepers) Total 1971 0.43 0.46 36.71 62.39 100 1979 0.32 0.61 69.51 29.55 100 1980 0.45 0.96 71.07 27.52 100 1989 1.14 1.80 58.88 38.17 100 1990 1.25 1.98 58.31 38.46 100 1999 3.83 4.71 59.46 31.99 100 2000 4.16 5.03 58.90 31.92 100 2004 5.27 7.84 58.87 28.02 100

Source: Thorat and Senapati 2007

As far as the representation of Scheduled Tribes in Public Sector Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies as on 31st December 2012, out of the total employees of 422520 under Group A and Group B (Officers) from 39 Banks, Financial Institutions and Insurance Companies, 27660 were from Scheduled Tribe category. It accounts for 6.55 percent, which is less than the mandatory 7.5 percent of Scheduled Tribe reservations to be followed by these Institutions (see Annexure 3). Out of the total 39 Institutions, only five (12.82 percent) had the Scheduled Tribe representation of above 7.5 percent. These include Dena Bank (9.78 percent), State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur (9.39 percent), NABARD (7.92 percent), Indian Overseas Bank (7.87 percent), and AICL (9.39 percent). In the remaining 34 Institutions (87.17 percent) Scheduled Tribe representation was below 7.5 percent. Among them, NHB stands last with Scheduled Tribe representation of 3.19 percent, followed by State Bank of Patiala (3.69 percent), State Bank of Travancore (3.69 percent), IIFCL (3.92 percent), and IDBI (3.99 percent).

From distribution of Scheduled Tribe employees in Public Sector Banks during the period 1978 to 2004 in Table 5.23, it is revealed that in 1978 nearly two third (63.45 percent) of employees were clerks, about one-third (34.43 percent) were sub-staff, and a meager 2.12 percent were officers. However, the trend in 2004 was changed significantly for Scheduled Tribes, as one-third (33.34 percent) were officers and the representation of clerks and sub-staff got decreased to 42.25 percent and 24.41 percent respectively.

As the Government informed the Lok Sabha on 5.12.2012, the representation of Scheduled Tribes in Central Government employment as on 1.1.2011 was 4.8 percent (3734) in Group A, 6 percent (11357) in Group B, 7.7 percent (174562) in Group C,

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and 6.8 percent (32791) in Group D (including Safai Karmacharis), as per Asian Centre for Human Rights (ACHR) report, 2013.54

Table 5.23: Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Employees in Public Sector Banks (By Categories)

Years Officers Clerks Sub Staff Total

1978 2.12 63.45 34.43 100 1980 7.60 59.02 33.38 100 1988 16.19 58.02 25.79 100 1990 17.22 55.90 26.88 100 1999 23.73 50.88 25.39 100 2000 24.62 49.83 25.55 100 2004 33.34 42.25 24.41 100

Source: Thorat and Senapati 2007

Table 5.24: Percentage Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Employees in Insurance Jobs (By Categories)

Year Service Groups

Year A B C D Total

1993 4.37 10.42 70.04 15.18 100

2000 9.18 10.62 69.89 10.30 100

Source: Thorat and Senapati 2007

As of 8 May 2013, a total of 29037 backlog vacancies for Scheduled Tribes in the Central Government were identified (Table 5.25). Out of them, a total of 16842 were filled up. The remaining 12195 vacancies are pending unfilled. These account for 44.36 percent of the total backlog vacancies of 27488 for all social categories.

Table 5.25: Backlog Vacancies for Scheduled Tribes and All in the Central Government as of 8th _{May 2013}

Direct Recruitment Promotion Total Total pending

vacancies Backlog Filled up Backlog Filled up Backlog Filled up

ST 11400 7051 17637 9791 29037 16842 12195

Total 44427 28588 31095 19446 75522 48034 27488

Source: ACHR 2013.

ACHR report, 2013 further states that the representation of Scheduled Tribes in Central Universities is very low as per the data provided by the UGC. The report says, “The data of the UGC clearly shows that the representation of the Scheduled Tribes have come down from 3.88 percent in 2006-07 to 0.24 percent in 2010-11 in the post

54 _{Asian Centre for Human Rights. 2013. The State of Tribal Employment in Public and Private Sector in India (A report}

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of Professors; from 1.03 percent in 2006-2007 to 0.32 percent in the post of Readers and from 4.43 percent during 2006-07 to 3.63 percent in the post of Lecturers.”

The evidence reveals under-representation of Scheduled Tribes and pending vacancies in Central Government services. The main reason for this is lack of seriousness in the implementation of the provisions of reservation for Scheduled Tribes. The ACHR states that “…‘non-availability of eligible candidates’, ‘no suitable candidates found’ have become the modus operandi to de-reserve the reserved seats and fill up the same with general category candidates, thereby perpetuating denial and deprivation through sophisticated means.” Thus, there is an “extraordinary form of discrimination” towards Scheduled Tribes in the country even today (ACHR 2013).