El docente en la resolución de situaciones problemáticas y estilos cognitivos

Considering the importance of the South African apartheid issue, the range of articles and books discussing this topic was extensive. This section highlights some of the notable publications strictly pertaining to sport, racism, and South Africa. One of the earliest inclusive books on sport and race in South Africa was written by Mary Draper in 1963.131 _{It provided a detailed account of the then current laws and} government policies affecting multi-racial sport and reminds the reader only actual law can be enforced, regardless of the government policies supported by the Nationalist Party. Draper discussed the Olympic Charter, the associated South African sporting bodies such as SANOC, SASA, and SAN-ROC, the stance of the IOC, South African Olympic and government representatives, and the general status of South Africa in the Olympic Movement. Of course, how the South African issue was discussed and detailed depended on the author’s viewpoint and information available to the author at the time.

In 1970, when South Africa was expelled from the Olympic Movement, more valuable publications surfaced discussing the South African issue. Morgan Naidoo voiced his concern with the black sport situation in South Africa.132 _{The black} community was interested in increasing involvement at every level in sport, but he was convinced whites were not interested in the welfare of black sport. Naidoo cites Braun, who was then President of SANOC, as one administrator who attempted to incorporate the black community. However, Naidoo believed it was just an attempt to

appease the IOC rather than having the welfare of black sport at heart. Taking a more optimistic view, Richard Lapchick argued that the issue of racism and the Olympic Movement had come to an end in 1970 after the long struggle which resulted in South Africa’s expulsion.133

Dennis Brutus’ hardships, endured on behalf of the non-white South African sport movement, are well-documented in the literature.134 _{Brutus provided a close,} personal perspective shaped by his in-depth involvement as a leader in the anti- apartheid movement from the 1950s.135 _{Another detailed contribution about the} South African issue came from Chris de Broglio.136 _{His booklet was an updated version} of Draper’s 1963 book, which included additional details about the government’s continued attempt to appease the IOC while maintaining the apartheid stance in terms of other domestic and international matters. De Broglio’s insight was unique because it was informed by his athletic experiences as a competitive weightlifter and representative of South African weightlifting from 1949 to the early 1960s. He later joined forces with Brutus to form SAN-ROC and, as a result, was forced to leave South Africa, ultimately settling in England.

The year following South Africa’s expulsion from the Olympic Movement, Peter Hain released a book documenting the Stop the Seventy Tour (STST) campaign,137 which successfully forced South Africa from participating in most international rugby and cricket competition. Hain provided a concise historical background of South Africa and apartheid, and included South Africa’s struggle in the Olympic Movement to contextualize STST.138 _{In addition to discussing STST and providing multiple useful} summaries, Joan Brickhill139 _{added something new by commenting on the South}

African government’s attempt to rebrand apartheid sport as ‘multi-national’ sport in 1971. As Brickhill notes, “multi-national sport entails competition (a) between the four main racial groups, each group being treated as a separate nation, and (b) between international teams and the four main racial groups.”140 _{The perception of} multi-racial competition was just a ruse by the government to keep racial groups still segregated while maintaining the white status quo.

Reflecting back on the campaign to isolate South Africa from international sport and its effect on the whole state of apartheid in South Africa, March Krotee and Luther Schwick141 _{and Krotee}142 _{used personal observation, personal correspondence with} South African sport officials, and secondary sources to examine the social and historical aspects to try to identify the external pressures which affected internal change. One such external factor was the involvement of the UN. Maxine Hunter focused strictly on the UN and its role in the anti-apartheid movement.143 _After providing a summary leading up to the first UN resolution in 1968 that outlined sanctions against South Africa specifically pertaining to sport, multiple resolutions are highlighted in the study. Although the UN resolutions and declarations can be used to legitimize the protest or exclusion of South Africa from sporting activities, Hunter reminded the reader that UN resolutions and declarations were not lawfully binding, but only carried as much importance as countries attached to it.

In 1982, Sam Ramsamy144 _{and Robert Archer and Antoine Bouillon}145 _{added to the} breadth of literature on South Africa, sport, and racism. Ramsamy’s work capitalized on many documents from the 1970s and 80s not previously provided in other publications. In addition to being a concise reference manual, Ramsamy included a

small chapter highlighting the role of sponsorship in apartheid and sport, which had not been done before. Archer and Bouillon provided a complete account of sport and racism in South Africa from the beginning of European explorers landing on South African soil on 5 April 1652 to the 1981 Springbok tour of New Zealand. Although sport was the focus, Archer and Bouillon also discussed in detail the socioeconomics, education, and politics in South Africa. A more recent version of Archer and Bouillon can be found in Douglas Booth’s account of sport and politics in South Africa. Published in 1998, Booth’s study brought the perspective of a new South Africa after the resolution of apartheid and a democratic election placing Nelson Mandela as its new leader.146

Although the aforementioned literature on sport, racism, and South Africa was an integral part to frame the South African issue, it was the literature focusing on the correspondence between Brundage and officials which was of utmost importance to this dissertation.