1University of Veterinary Medicine in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
2Institute of Animal Physiology Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different doses of deoxynivalenol (DON) on plasma indices of broiler chickens. Forty- two, 1-d old male broiler chicks were fed 1 of 3 diets containing DON for 42 d. The diets included (1) control (0.2 ppm DON); (2) low level of DON (1 ppm DON) and high level of DON (3 ppm DON). The administration of 1 ppm DON to the diet altered total protein, triglycerides, free glycerol and potassium levels. Dietary inclusion of 3 ppm DON resulted in altere
triglycerides, free glycerol levels and AST activity. No bioche
responded to increased DON concentration in the diet. The feeding of DON-containing diets did not significantly alter plasma chloride, cholesterol and albumin levels or AST, ALP and LDH activities. It was concluded th
affected protein and lipid metabolism in broiler chicks.
In this study we were interested in deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), a trichothecene toxin which occurs regularly throughout the world, with possible high contamination levels in cereal grain from various countries.
Many studies describe the adverse effects of DON on animal and human health. Indeed, in domestic or laboratory animals, large doses of DON caused feed refusal, decreased weight gain, vomiting, gastrointestinal and dermal irritation and immunological alterations. Lower
several animal species.
nd in vivo in
rfere with the metabolism of membrane phospholipids nd to increase liver lipid peroxides in vivo (9).
othecenes are shown to alter the activity of serotonin in the central
broiler chickens. The three diets included control (0.2 ppm DON) and
ietary contents of DON were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All experimental procedures with animals were in accordance with European Guidelines
al for research purpose and they were approved by a local ethic
decreased plasma level of total protein of chicks.
doses of DON have been shown to provoke elevation of serum IgA level and are also known to affect cell-mediated and humoral immunity in
The sensitivity to DON varies considerably between species. Trichothecenes are well- known inhibitors of protein synthesis. They also cause apoptosis both in vitro a
various organs.
Trichothecenes are also shown to inte a
In addition, some trich
nervous system, which is known to be involved in the regulation of food intake.
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses of DON on biochemical variables of growing broiler chickens.
Material and Methods
Forty-two, 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 14 chicks in each one. The diets were formulated to meet all nutritional specifications of starter, grower, and finisher
experimental (1 and 3 ppm DON). Chicks were fed the diets from the day of hatch to 42 d of age. D
for care and use of anim committee.
The results are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical significance was evaluated by ANOVA test.
Results and discussion
In this experiment, diet containing 1 and 3 ppm of DON were given to growing broiler chickens for 6 wk. The deoxynivalenol treatment in both doses significantly
Our results are consistent with those of Kubena et al. (8) and Bergsjø et al. (2) Later Mikami et al. (1) examined the toxicity of DON to porcine hepatocytes. Authors reported that
rmance of
inotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase.
of 3 ppm DON resulted in increased plasma alanine aminotransferase,
and gamma GTP in broiler
ificant decrease in serum calcium and
l. (5) reported that electrolytes in plasma appeared to be insensitive to a
of factors, including sensitivity to DON between species, DON oncentration, DON source, animal genetics, sex and nutritional status, contamination of feed
at no biochemical parameter responded to increased DON oncentration in the diets.
DON reduced albumin secretion from hepatocytes into the medium due to the loss of hepatocytes by apoptosis and also due to the inhibition of protein synthesis.
DON has also been reported to reduce serum albumin level in growing piglets fed a diets containing 8.6 mg/kg mycotoxin for 36 days (3).
The toxicity of DON in both concentrations tested was expressed through decreased plasma triglycerides and free glycerol in broiler chickens. These findings are in agreement with the previous reports of Kubena et al. (7). On the other hand, Accensi et al. (1) reported that DON in low concentrations (0, 280, 560 or 840 µg/kg of feed) did no alter the perfo
weanling piglets on potassium, chloride, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate am
DON has also been reported to increase liver triglycerides and total liver lipid in White Lerghorn hens fed a diet containing 0.25 or 0.70 ppm DON for 86 or 135 days (5).
Dietary inclusion indication liver damage.
DON has also been reported to increase activities of AST, LDH
chicks fed DON at 15 mg/kg, indicating possible tissue damage and leakage of the enzymes into the blood (6).
In the present study, plasma calcium increased in birds fed diet containing 3 ppm DON. Plasma calcium, however, was not affected by 1 ppm DON diet.
Previous data of Bergsjø et al. (2) reported a sign
phosphorus in growing pigs fed a diet containing 3.5 mg/kg DON. DON has also been reported to induce weak hypocalcaemia in rats fed 1 mg/kg DON for 6 months, suggesting that calcium metabolism disorders during chronic action of mycotoxin could be partially associated with secondary vitamin D deficiency (11).
Recently Gouze et a
4-week exposure to low DON in mice. The discrepancy between these results and our data could be due to a number
c
by other mycotoxin. Our results showed th c
Table 1 Effect of dietary inclus oxyniv enol on clinical plasma characteristics in growing broiler chickens
ion of de al
Item Control
0.2 ppm DON 1 ppm DON 3 ppm DON Chloride (mmol/l) 104.3 ± 4.88 104.50 ± 3.88 114.40 ± 4.36 Calcium (mmol/l) 2.17 ± 0.07a 1.86 ± 0.19b 3.36 ± 0.34ab Magnesium (mmol/l) Potassium 0.86 ± 0.05bc 1.50 ± 0.08ab 0.34 ± 0.01ac (mmol/l) 12.01 ± 1.04ab 5.87 ± 0.22a 4.56 ± 0.58b aminotransferase 0.25 ± 0.02b 0.22 ± 0.03a 0.47 ± 0.00ab e aminotransferase 2.01 ± 0.16 2.15 ± 0.14 2.12 ± 0.09 dehydrogenase b a b 2 ± 0.06ab 0.36 ± 0.04a 0.34 ± 0.02b ree glycerol (mmol/l) 0.91 ± 0.06ab 0.27 ± 0.04a 0.23 ± 0.02b Alkaline phosphatase (µkat/l)
Alanine 8.06 ± 0.81 10.05 ± 0.05 10.72 ± 0.12 (µkat/l) Aspartat (µkat/l) Lactate (µkat/l) 2.99 ± 0.12 3.02 ± 0.38 2.88 ± 0.43 Total protein (g/l) 39.11 ± 1.52a 27.04 ± 1.74 27.59 ± 1.92 Albumin (g/l) 16.12 ± 0.46 15.60 ± 0.09 15.21 ± 0.32 Cholesterol (mmol/l) 4.08 ± 0.19 3.54 ± 0.19 3.80 ± 0.34 Triglycerides (mmol/l) 1.0 F
Values are mean ± S.E.M., n = 14. Significant differences within a row are indicated by using
at both doses of DON in the diets (1 and 3 ppm) significantly ffected protein and lipid metabolism in broiler chicks. Moreover, under field conditions with
ors, the toxicity of DON could be altered to adversely affect the health
cknowledgments
was partially supported by the grants VEGA No 1/2443/5 and APVT 51004804. the same superscript letter, P<0.01.
Conclusion
These data demonstrate th a
additional stress fact
and performance of poultry.
A
References
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through egg production. Poult t al: Influence of ochratoxin A and
0. Mikami O., Yamamoto S., Yamanaka N., Nakajima Y.: Porcine hepatocytes apoptosis and reduction of lbumin secretion induced by deoxynivalenol. Toxicol 2004, 15, 241-249.
A.: cotoxins.
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