IV. CRECIMIENTO DE NANOESTRUCTURAS DE SILICIO POR CVD TÉRMICO
5.4 Crecimiento de nanoestructuras de carbono
5.4.2 Efecto de la presión de N 2
The following tables summarize the reforms and results supported by the FIAS program in FY11 across the various investment climate topics. They are summarized by type of reform or result and include a brief description of the achievements. The results that have contributed to a particular reform are shaded together with the reform in the same background color.
COUNTRY TOPIC REFORM DESCRIPTION RESULT INDICATOR RESULT DESCRIPTION
RESULT TYPE (National/
Subnational) REFORM RESUL
T
AFRICA REGION Access to finance
On December 13 and 14, 2010, the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) amended the Uniform Act on Secured Transactions. The amended Act was published in the of- ficial gazette on February 15, 2011 and entered into force on May 15, 2011. The revised Act on Secured Transactions allows for the creation of possessory and non- possessory security interests on all types of movable property, present and future, and guarantees all kinds of obligations (future, conditional, monetary, or non-monetary). In addition, it harmonizes the legal frame- work of mechanisms such as the “gage” (Art. 92 to Art.124) and the “nantisse- ment” (Art. 125 to Art. 179). Furthermore, new types of security interests such as the “nantissement de compte de titre financiers” and the “cession de créances à titre de garantie” were introduced in the revised version of the Act. The amended Act also simplifies and establishes a gen- eral publicity regime for security interests on movable property (Art. 52 to Art. 66). Finally, the amendments also allow out-of- court enforcement of security interests on some movable property (Art. 104).
Enactment of new/ revised secured lending legislation
OHADA’s member states adopted in December 2010 two amended laws and three new regulations for the moderniza- tion of the registries for companies and secured transactions, which will signifi- cantly improve the legal and institutional framework for private sector activities in the 16 countries. The law includes acceptance of a much wider range of as- sets as collateral, such as future movable goods including accounts receivable, cash flow, and equipment.
National 1 1
Starting a
business On December 15, 2010, the OHADA Council of Ministers amended the Uniform Act on General Commercial Law. The Uniform Act was published in the OHADA official journal on February 15, 2011 and took effect on May 16, 2011. According to Article 45 of the General Commercial Law, entrepreneurs are required to provide a sworn declaration stating that they have not committed any crime and are not subject to any restriction on carrying out commercial activities (Article 10 of the Uniform Act on General Commercial Law). They are required to obtain copies of their criminal records within 75 days after incor- poration of their companies. In addition, the amendments created a new business category, “entreprenant,” that will simplify procedures for micro and small business owners by allowing them to register a busi- ness without hiring a lawyer.
Enactment of new/ revised business entry related legislation
OHADA’s Council of Ministers adopted the revised OHADA General Commercial Law in December 2010. The law creates a new business cat- egory, “entreprenant,” which will simplify procedures for micro and small business owners who cannot afford to hire law- yers to register their businesses.
National 1 1
AFRICA REGION TOTAL 2 2
COUNTRY TOPIC REFORM DESCRIPTION RESULT INDICATOR RESULT DESCRIPTION
RESULT TYPE (National/
Subnational) REFORM RESUL
T BENIN Enforcing contracts Enactment of new/revised civil procedural rules
In October 2011 the Parliament adopted the new civil, commercial, administrative, and social procedure code, which is expected to reduce the time for contract enforcement. The code is expected to reduce the length of proceedings (by limiting the number of hearing postpone- ments), facilitate case filing, and acceler- ate the settlement of disputes. Under the new code, the time to file an appeal was reduced from two months to one, and the time to take a case to the Supreme Court was reduced from five to three months.
National 1
Starting a business
Following the amendments to the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law, the Minister of Justice issued a letter on December 30, 2010 addressed to courts staff with a model of sworn declaration to replace the submission of criminal record. As a result, the number of procedures to start a business was reduced from 7 to 6, time needed from 31 to 29 days, and cost from 154 to 150 percent of income per capita. Reduction in the cost to comply with business regulations related to business entry
The Minister of Justice issued a letter to Courts staff and sent them a model of sworn declaration to replace the submis- sion of criminal record, cutting $1 from the cost of starting a business.
National 1 1 Starting a business Reduction in the number of days it takes to comply with business regulation related to Business Entry
The government cut 2 of the overall 31 days entrepreneurs spend in starting a business and $1 from the cost.
National 1 Starting a business Reduction in the number of procedures to comply with business regulation related to business entry
The government reduced the required procedures to start a business from 7 to 6. National 1 BENIN TOTAL 1 4 BRAZIL Investment policy and promotion Improved institutional framework related to investment generation
Apex-Brasil and the Secretary of Economic Development for the state of Pernambuco signed a cooperation agreement formalizing a collaborative approach towards facilitating FDI for Pernambuco, significantly changing how FDI is attracted and marking an important step in creating a national investment generation network. SEDECT in Para and partners in FDI promotion (the executive- level working group representing key public and private sector actors) signed a collaboration agreement to coordinate investment attraction activities in the state of Para.
Subnational 2
COUNTRY TOPIC REFORM DESCRIPTION RESULT INDICATOR RESULT DESCRIPTION
RESULT TYPE (National/
Subnational) REFORM RESUL
T
BRAZIL
(continued) Investment policy and
promotion
Improvement in the conversion rates of investment leads from relevant sectors
The three investment promotion inter- mediaries, Apex-Brasil (the national investment promotion agency), Invest in Pernambuco, and Invest in Para, each increased their conversion rates of leads to announced investments. Apex-Brasil reported a 12 percent conversion rate (8 cumulative announced investments from 67 leads); Invest in Pernambuco reported a 13 percent conversion rate (10 cumu- lative announced investments from 77 leads), and Invest in Para reported a 20 percent conversion rate (5 cumulative an- nounced investments from 25 leads).
Subnational 4 Investment policy and promotion Increase in the number of leads from relevant sectors into investment generation pipeline
In the second half of FY11, each of the three investment promotion intermediaries Apex-Brasil, Invest in Pernambuco, and Invest in Para increased its investment generation pipeline of active leads by more than 10 percent. Apex-Brasil reported 67 active leads; Invest in Pernambuco reported 77; Invest in Para reported 25. Subnational 3 Investment policy and promotion Increase in the number of leads from relevant sectors into investment generation pipeline
In the first half of FY11, each of the three investment promotion intermediaries Apex-Brasil, Invest in Pernambuco, and Invest in Para increased its investment generation pipeline of active leads by more than 10 percent. Apex-Brasil reported 60 active leads; Invest in Pernambuco reported 44; Invest in Para reported 11.
Subnational 3
BRAZIL TOTAL 12
BURKINA FASO Trade
logistics Implementation or improvement of best practice procedures related to the flow of cargo
The Ministry of Agriculture agreed to merge the Phytosanitary Bulletin Verification document (a requirement of the Economic Community of West African States) and the Certificate of Phytosanitary Inspection (a national regulation). This improvement allows trad- ers to obtain only one document when their goods are subject to phytosanitary inspection. National 1 Trade logistics Implementation or improvement of processes at technical control agencies related to trade logistics
The Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Finance agreed to allow importers to import goods into Burkina Faso and obtain specific standards approval from the Ministry of Commerce after the goods have been cleared. This is the country’s first trade reform agreed between different government agencies. It facilitates a more efficient process for traders importing goods that require standards certification.
National 1
COUNTRY TOPIC REFORM DESCRIPTION RESULT INDICATOR RESULT DESCRIPTION
RESULT TYPE (National/
Subnational) REFORM RESUL
T
BURKINA FASO
(continued) Trade logistics Improved institutional
framework related to trade logistics
The government passed a decree establishing a formal committee within Customs to manage the implementation of risk management for border inspection and clearance. This improvement is significant as it is the first step required by an entity implementing a risk-based inspections regime.
National 1
BURKINA FASO TOTAL 3
BURUNDI Dealing with construction permits
The National Laboratory for Building Construction and Public Works changed the fee structure, reducing the fee for a geotechnical study from BIF 6,500,000 to BIF 2,574,460 ($4,899 to $1,940). This cut the total cost to obtain a building permit and utility connections from 6,296 to 4,066 percent of income per capita.
Reduction in cost to comply with construction permitting
The government made dealing with con- struction permits easier by reducing the cost to obtain a geotechnical study from BIF 6.500.000 to BIF BIF 2,574,460 ($4,899 to $1,940), reducing total cost from 6,296 to 4,066 percent of income per capita.
National 1 1
Protecting investors
The new Company Law enacted on May 30, 2011 strengthened investor protec- tions by introducing new requirements for the approval of transactions between inter- ested parties; requiring greater corporate disclosure to the board of directors and in the annual report; and making it easier to sue directors in cases of prejudicial trans- actions between interested parties.
Enactment of legislation related to company legislation
The government enacted the new Company Law on May 30, 2011, strengthening investor protections by introducing new requirements for the ap- proval of transactions between interested parties, by requiring greater corporate disclosure to the board of directors and in the annual report, and by making it easier to sue directors in cases of preju- dicial transactions between interested parties. National 1 1 Starting a business Enactment of legislation related to business entry
The government adopted a New Company Law on May 30, 2011 which simplifies the conditions for incorporating a company and starting a business.
National 1 BURUNDI TOTAL 2 3 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Registering
property In December 2010, the new Financial Law was adopted. The Article 301 reduced the property transfer tax (“droits d’enregistrement”) by 50 percent, from 15 to 7.5 percent, and the total cost of regis- tering property was reduced from 18.5 to 11 percent of property value.
Reduction in the fees to register property
The government reduced by half the property transfer tax (from 15 to 7.5 percent).
National 1 1
Starting a
business The National Budget Law of December 2010 (Article 11) amended the relevant tax provisions about the business registra- tion tax (Articles 301 and 302 of the “Code de l’Enregistrement”), cutting it by more than a half, from 150,000 to 70,000 XAF (from $312 to $146). As a result, the total cost to start a business decreased from 228 to 176 percent of income per capita.
Reduction in the cost to comply with business regulations related to business entry
Several reforms cut the cost to start a business by $186 as follows: the very high business registration tax was cut from $312 to $146; the profes- sional traders’ card was eliminated as a requirement for registering a business; the ministerial license and the mandatory registration fee for the chamber of com- merce were removed; and the cost of publication to the Web site was reduced.
National 1 1 Starting a business Reduction in the number of days it takes to comply
The government implemented several reforms that reduced the time required to start a business from 22 to 13 days.
COUNTRY TOPIC REFORM DESCRIPTION RESULT INDICATOR RESULT DESCRIPTION
RESULT TYPE (National/
Subnational) REFORM RESUL
T CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (continued) Starting a
business Reduction in the number of
procedures to comply with business regulation related to business entry
The government reduced the required steps to start a business from 8 to 7 by eliminating the professional traders’ card.
National 1
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC TOTAL 2 4
CHINA Investment policy and promotion Improvement in the score of investment promotion intermediaries in the Global Investment Promotion Benchmarking (GIPB)
The Yinchuan Investment Promotion Agency improved the score of its investment promotion intermediary in the current GIPB report by 8 percentage points compared to previous editions. The project worked in particular on the Web site, which scored an increase of 20 percentage points.
National 1
CHINA TOTAL 1
COLOMBIA Enforcing
contracts Enactment of legislation related to enforcing contracts
An administrative agreement of March 2011 created 18 municipal courts (11 to process and adjudicate enforce- ment procedures and 7 for ordinary procedures) and 12 municipal courts to process commissions as part of enforce- ment procedures.
National 1
Registering
property Reduction in number of days to register property
An administrative resolution issued on March 8, 2011 established time limits for notaries’ preparation of public deeds. As a result of this and related improve- ments within the framework of the pilot project, the time to transfer property was reduced by 11 days (55 percent).
National 1
Starting a
business The Law 1429 of 2010 and Decree 545 of 2011 introduced a progressive fee schedule for new companies, which exonerates them from an upfront payment of fees for the first few years in operation. In particular, the fee associated with the commercial license “matricula comercial” no longer needs to be paid at the time of start-up. As a result, the cost to start a business was reduced by 45 percent, and the total cost to start a business decreased from 14.7 to 8 percent of the income per capita. Creation or improvement at the legal/regulatory level of institutions dealing with business entry
A new law and decree introduced a progressive fee schedule for new companies, exonerating them from an upfront payment of fees for the first few years in operation. In particular, the fee associated with the commercial license no longer needs to be paid at the time of start-up. As a result of this improvement, the cost to start a business was reduced by 45 percent.
National 1 1
COUNTRY TOPIC REFORM DESCRIPTION RESULT INDICATOR RESULT DESCRIPTION
RESULT TYPE (National/
Subnational) REFORM RESUL
T
COLOMBIA
(continued) Trade logistics Implementation or improvement of
a single window system related to trade
The government implemented connect- ing Web services between the single window system (VUCE) and the agencies for health and agriculture, creating automatic linkages among the systems and allowing faster release of licenses. The VUCE import module was upgraded allowing traders to electronically submit conformity certificates to the Bureau of Standards. The system will automatically reject the request (without generating a payment) if there is a mistake in the license sent by the trader.
National 1
Trade
logistics Implementation or improvement of electronic submission of documents related to trade logistics
Traders now must electronically submit the Andean Declaration of Value through the MUISCA system. This document is a required supporting document for cargo to enter the country. Previously traders had to file this information physically to Customs.
National 1
Trade
logistics Implementation or improvement of risk targeting strategies related to trade logistics
The government issued a resolution which requires customs brokers, freight forwarders, and warehouses to assess clients’ risks. Customs brokers now must make their financial statements public. Also, customs brokers, warehouses, and freight forwarders must visit and inspect the warehouses of their clients to obtain corporate, financial, and taxation infor- mation, especially important for importers of sensitive goods. This information is also submitted to Customs, which allows for easier movement of cargo since the companies are fully identified before the cargo ships.
National 1
Trade
logistics Implementation or improvement of system for computerization of documents and information related to trade logistics
The MUISCA system that allows traders to do advanced filing of information prior to ship arrival was improved. Imports, including the import returns for sensitive goods, and all supporting documents are now filed through the system at least 48 hours in advance. This allows for early identification of companies, goods, and cargo risks prior to cargo arrival.
National 1
Trade
logistics Implementation or improvement of trade logistics standards and quality
Customs established a series of minimum qualifications for companies to exist as customs brokers, freight forwarders, and warehouses. Based on the companies’ assets and size, they are qualified on a level of 1 to 4 (with 1 as the safest). This improvement helps in assessing risk and controlling money laundering.
National 1
COLOMBIA TOTAL 1 8
COUNTRY TOPIC REFORM DESCRIPTION RESULT INDICATOR RESULT DESCRIPTION
RESULT TYPE (National/
Subnational) REFORM RESUL
T
COTE D’IVOIRE Starting a business
Due to a reorganization of the Courts’ Clerk Office where entrepreneurs file their company documents, the time to start a business was reduced from 40 to 32 days.
Reduction in the time to comply with business regulation (related to business entry)
The Courts’ Clerk Office where entrepre- neurs file their company documents was reorganized, resulting in an 8-day reduc- tion (20 percent) in the time required to start a business.
National 1 1
COTE D’IVOIRE TOTAL 1 1
HUNGARY Dealing with construction permits
The government passed a new building regulation that reduced the statutory time limit to issue a building permit by 15 days.
Enactment of legislation related to construction permits
A new Permits Law was passed in March 2011 setting statutory limits for issuing construction permits. National 1 1 Dealing with construction permits Reduction in the cost to comply with construction permitting
The government adopted statutory limits for issuing construction permits. If deadlines are breached, authorities are obliged to reimburse clients for fees and pay the client additional compensation in the amount of a one-time official fee.
National 1 Dealing with construction permits Reduction in the number of days to comply with construction permitting
As a result of the reduction in required procedures, the time companies must spend to comply with construction permit- ting procedures is expected to be cut by 15 percent, from 189 to 160 days.
National 1 Dealing with construction permits Reduction in the number of procedures to comply with construction permitting
Under the new Permits Law, five proce- dures were eliminated.
National 1 Trade logistics Reduction in the number of procedures at Customs related to trade logistics
The government streamlined the function- ing of the single window for trade, which connects eight national authorities involved in the trade logistics process. The government also continued to implement ongoing reforms, including the introduction of post-clearance audits and the application of risk management systems to border controls.
National 1
HUNGARY TOTAL 1 5
JORDAN Starting a business
The Decree number 17/2011, which entered into force on May 16, 2011, reduced the minimum capital requirement from JD 1,000 to JD 1 (from $1,333 to $1.3), of which 50 percent must be deposited prior to company registration.
Enactment of legislation related to business entry
A decree entered into force on May 16, 2011 reduces the minimum capital requirement from JD 1,000 to JD 1, of which 50 percent has to be deposited prior to company registration.