IV. CRECIMIENTO DE NANOESTRUCTURAS DE SILICIO POR CVD TÉRMICO
4.4 Modelo de crecimiento
technical expertise in project design and implementation to IFC regional programs, including the Bangladesh Investment Climate Fund (BICF).a In one such case, a global
investment generation team working on a BICF-funded project helped the government of Bangladesh in formulating and implementing a social compliance management system in Bangladesh’s export processing zones (EPZs). These zones house more than 300 factories and employ nearly 300,000 workers, mostly women, who manufacture garments and other products.
One key component of the project is to increase female participation in the workers’ welfare associations in the zones. As a result of BICF’s recommendation, 30 percent of seats on the association were allocated for women. Also, the role of female labor counselors who advocate on-site for women employees’ rights was strengthened.
Shamela Begun, a worker at one of the factories in an EPZ shared her experience. “Workers in factories outside the
EPZs don’t have the facilities that we have in the zones and complain about not getting holidays or about getting paid late,” she said. “Here it is safe and comfortable. We have a feeling of community. I feel a part of things.”
Thanks to her hard work, Shamela now takes home about $100 each month. She also receives benefits at her garment factory, including free medical coverage, lunch, and flexible sick leave allowance. Both her sons have university degrees and supplement their mother’s income.
BICF, managed by IFC in partnership with DfID and the European Union, has facilitated $203 million of FDI and 17,000 new jobs to the economic zones of the country
through an aggressive investment promotion capacity- building program for the government of Bangladesh. The project actively supported enactment of the Economic Zones Act, opening up the zones program to private develop- ers and paving the way for a potential 1.5 million new jobs in 25–30 private zones by 2021. Also, the project facilitated a new central effluent treatment plant in the Dhaka EPZ which, by August 2011, had increased the amount of properly-treated industrial water from 0 to 15,000 cubic
global competition team also provided inputs and techni- cal feedback to client countries as part of cross-support to five World Bank projects including in Russia and Turkey. Advisory services on competition allowed repealing price controls proposals, minimizing distortive state aid schemes, and reducing discriminatory actions by govern- ment officials. Improvements to the competition framework have been proposed and implemented in two countries— Armenia and Romania—and more than five interventions are in the pipeline in at least three IDA countries.
SUPPORTING PRODUCTIVE PARTNERSHIPS
FIAS continued its rich legacy of setting up new partner- ships and strengthening existing collaboration with donors, clients, teams across the World Bank Group, and external good practice institutions in the investment climate arena. An array of tools and services to support investment climate improvements is available within the Bank Group, but for any given project these key products may not be offered through any one department. FIAS-funded teams in the Investment Climate Department, working closely with
MIGA, IFC, and the World Bank, often provide a critical link to unlocking synergies and bringing technical expertise from different parts of the institution together to provide comprehensive reform solutions for clients.
In Rwanda, for example, a FIAS-supported advisory project is partnering with IFC and the World Bank to attract possible investments in the agribusiness sector. Removing critical constraints to increased investment and exports in the horticulture and tea sectors, in particular, is considered key to achieving this goal. MIGA guarantee staff attended the Rwanda Investor Conference, which highlighted recent improvements to the country’s investment climate and showcased new investment opportunities in agribusiness. Collaboration with MIGA on specific activities of mutual interest was expanded in FY11. In order to gauge marked demand for the planned MIGA Facility for Conflict-affected and Fragile Economies, FIAS-funded activities included organizing a number of focus group discussions with private sector participants in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Moreover, a MIGA staff member was posted to the Vienna office under an
Curbing Greenhouse Gases in Jakarta
As one of the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitters,
Indonesia’s building sector accounted for more than a
quarter of total energy use in 2004—a share that is expected to increase to nearly 40 percent in the next two decades. In response, IFC advisory services in the region is helping the government of the capital province, Jakarta, develop a green buildings code. FIAS activities have supported the code’s incubation and development. The code sets energy and water efficiency requirements for buildings, and will require climate change adaption practices to be included in building designs. Implementation of the code is expected to reduce energy consumption in large commercial and high-rise residential buildings, potentially cutting around 2.7 million tons of carbon dioxide per year by 2020. This is equivalent to carbon sequestered annually by 60 million grown trees or equivalent to the current annual emission of Macau SAR (2.4 million tons of carbon dioxide).
The goal is to create a code that is simple to implement, ef- fective, and easy to monitor. The project’s analysis modeled a range of possible changes for each commercial building type
in Jakarta which met clear criteria for market preparedness and ease of implementation, while maximizing the benefits of energy (CO2) and water reductions in a cost-effective manner. The details of the code have been developed in close consul- tation with government as well as private sector stakeholders, including developers, landlords, and professional associations. “To help achieve [the national target of cutting carbon
emissions by 26 percent by 2020], Jakarta has been working on a number of sustainable city initiatives since 2008,” said Jakarta Governor Fauzi Bowo at the launch of the project. “With effective implementation of the green buildings code in
Jakarta, the city can serve as a model for implementation in other cities in Indonesia.”
The project is evaluating the feasibility of various measures under the draft green building code and hosting a series of consultation workshops with key private sector players. It is providing support for the local government through a series of training and capacity-building initiatives, and to the private sector through a review of financing needs and incentives for firms to retrofit existing buildings.
assignment jointly funded by FIAS and MIGA. As part of the assignment, the linkages between investment climate reforms and political risks are being researched, with the goal of developing a new political risk assessment tool that can be used by countries interested in lowering non- commercial risks for cross-border investors.
FIAS-supported global product teams continued in FY11 to collaborate closely with practitioners in their respective re- form arenas within and outside the Bank Group. On the tax work, for example, the FIAS-funded product team partnered closely with different units within the World Bank Group in- cluding Poverty Reduction and Economic Management and IFC’s Legal Department. In Tunisia, the team is supporting the World Bank’s assistance to the transition government, working with the Ministry of Finance in designing and implementing a reform of tax and customs formalities affect- ing businesses with the objective of streamlining procedures, cutting costs, and improving transparency.
Externally, the global tax work is closely coordinated with the International Tax Dialogue, which comprises all major players providing tax technical assistance including the International Monetary Fund, the OECD, regional tax groupings, and major donors. Tax transparency-related collaboration includes the G20, the OECD, the Global Forum for Tax Transparency and Exchange of Information, the International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, and the European Commission on supporting the global mandate to improve tax transparency in countries through technical assistance. The team also works with regional tax admin- istrators’ forums such as the Africa Tax Administrators Forum. During FY11 other innovative partnerships with lead- ing institutions in the investment climate arena were organized, including a tripartite cooperation with the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation and the Bronnoysund Registration Centre (BRC) in Norway. The first agreement of its kind, it allows FIAS-supported teams to draw on the business regulation experience of state agencies from developed economies to benefit projects in developing countries. Experts from BRC shared their firsthand experiences with clients in Nepal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Togo. In addition, a comprehensive case study of business registration reforms in Norway was
developed and made available to reform practitioners. This pilot approach to partnerships with relevant state agencies from developed countries is a model to be replicated in similar partnerships going forward. Partnerships on competition policy issues with the OECD, the International Competition Network, and the International Development Research Centre have been nurtured through collaboration on analytical work, participation in knowledge events, and coordination to take advantage of synergies among partners.
On trade, the FIAS-supported team engaged with interna- tional organizations such as the World Trade Organization, the Caribbean Community and Common Market, and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Benchmarking tools such as the subnational Doing Business reports (see p. 25 for more detail) also rely on strong partnerships. Increasing demand from client countries to conduct repeated benchmarking studies in 16 economies have paved the way to gradually transfer the methodology, share best practices, and develop expertise in client countries by partnering with local institutions and governments. Currently, the team is working in partnership with think tanks and academic institutions in Mexico, Indonesia, the Russian Federation, and the Philippines. After benchmarking 38 economies and more than 300 cities, a new franchising model is being developed in Mexico, the pioneer country for such subnational studies. There, the local strategic partner is responsible for imple- menting the project in collaboration with the government, while the role of the Bank Group focuses on providing quality control and the Doing Business brand. Strong engagement with donor partners, not only on funding but also through staff learning and knowledge activities, continues to provide the cornerstone for the success of FIAS activities. This engagement occurs through platforms such as the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development, donor participation on advisory panels for different global products, as well as learning events sponsored by global product teams and at the project level. For more details on funding and staff exchanges, see Financial Results and Resource Use section, p. 36.