Eje Rector Transversal para alineamiento de la Reforma Normativa Integral.

0.20 X 108 MJ 3.91 X 108 MJ Commercial Industrial Industrial Industrial D om estic Overall D om estic 3.91 X 10s MJ Com m ercial 3.13 X 108 MJ Industrial 0.79 X 108 MJ 7.83 X 108 MJ

Per cap ita c o n su m p tio n for tran s p o rt, including bunkers:

727.11 X 10s MJ

3 ,939,000 = 18.5 X 1 0 3 M J/head Per cap ita co n su m p tio n for tran sp o rt

actu ally used in Hong K ong territo ry (see Table IV and “ Fuel released for use in Hong Kong b u t n o t actually used in Hong Kong: 1 9 7 1 ” )

189.73 X 10s MJ

3,93 9 ,0 0 0 = 4.8 X 1 0 ' M J/head

Per cap ita co n su m p tio n for land tran s p o rt:

2 19.75 X 108 MJ

3 ,939,000 = 3.3 X 1 0 ' M J/head Fuel released for use in H ong K ong b u t n o t actually used in Hong K ong: 1971

Energy originating in Hong Kong (MJ X 108) Energy used in Hong Kong te rrito ry (M J X 108) Energy N O T used in Hong Kong te rrito ry (M J X 10 8) (1) H ydrofoils: 40% o f h y d ro fo ils’

passage to M acau is in H ong Kong w aters, (see Table IV)

2.86 1.16 1.70

(2) Fishing fleet: 90% o f fishing fle e t’s o p eratio n s are ou tsid e Hong Kong w aters, (see Table IV )

61.26 6.12 55.14

(3) A via tio n bunkers: 196.37 X 1 0 8 MJ o f aviation fuel is for in tern atio n al flights leaving 2.62 X 1 0 8 MJ for local use. A ircraft moving in and o u t o f H ong K ong use a b o u t 36 .7 8 X 1 0 8 MJ in H ong Kong air­ space, h alf o f w hich is from Hong Kong bunkers (R .J. W atson, C athay Pacific, personal c o m m u n i­ c atio n , 1974).

196.37 18.39 177.98

(4) Ocean-going vessel bunkers: Fuel oil and diesel use in Hong Kong H arbour by ships. C onservatively a b o u t 3 3 .1 6 X 108 MJ o f fuel oil and diesel oil are used in Hong K ong H arbour. C alculations based on d ata o f in h arb o u r fuel c o n su m p ­ tio n and bunkering req u irem en ts (A .J.S. Lack, personal c o m m u n ica­ tio n , 19 7 4 )

312.61 33 .1 6 2 7 9 .4 5

(5) E xp o rt: to Macau and O ceania in the fo rm o f coal, m o to r spirit, kerosene, gasoil and fuel oil. (Stee N ew com be, 1975, T able IV)

23.11 - 23.11

S P A T IA L AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF ENERGY USE IN HONG KONG

INTRODUCTION

It is now common to describe energy-use in a country or a large defined area such as a state or province in terms of its end-use in major sectors of the economy and even to extend the analysis to a description of end-use by major activities within each broad sector (e.g. see

S.R.I., 1972; N.E.D.O., 1974; Hedley, 1974; Myers,

1974). Such studies are useful in determining the capacity for energy conservation, for establishing

the economies of alternative fuels and are important in directing general energy management policies. However, while broad patterns of energy-use and input-output analysis at the level of the nation, region or even settlement are informative about the overall energetic behaviour of the system under study, they cannot , except in the most general way, be used to predict the physicochemical and biosocial

consequences of energy-use. In order to understand the impact of varying levels and differing kinds of applications of energy-use on the physicochemical and biosocial environment more exhaustive analyses, including spatial and temporal

and socio-economic patterns of energy-use,must be undertaken. It has long been understood that spatial patterns of fossil fuel consumption are closely related to patterns of air pollution in urban settlements. It is also well documented that artificial heat generation from man's energy consumption is an important component in the

modification of urban microclimates (Landsberg, 1973) and that an inventory of energy-use documenting both spatial and temporal, i.e. seasonal and diurnal, patterns of energy

climate in the urban environment (Bach and Patterson, 1969) .

Nevertheless, only a very few detailed studies of spatial and/or temporal aspects of energy-use in urban areas have been reported in the literature (Garnett and Bach, 1965; U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1967; Kalma et al, 1972; Geiger, 1974) . This present study, which is part of the Hong Kong Human Ecology Programme^, adopts and refines methodology developed by Kalma et al (1972) in their study of the Sydney statistical district in Australia. The data gathered and presented

here, apart from their direct implications for urban planning and the human environment, provides information basic to

numerical modelling of S02 or CO dispersal and to studies on urban heat islands (Kalma , Johnson and Newcombe, in preparation). This

data has also enabled detailed studies on the impact of energy- 2

use on human health and well-being in Hong Kong . The basic data on input-output and sector end-use analysis from which these spatial and temporal patterns of energy-use are

derived have been published elsewhere (Newcombe, 1975 a and b ) .

1. The Hong Kong Human Ecology Programme is co-ordinated by