Capítulo 3 - Marco teórico
3.1. Recortes del campo de estudio
3.2.5 Eje tradicionalismo–modernidad
(v) endure, continue, hold, exist, live, dwell, (n)
abide, conclusion, (adj) extreme, closing, final, ultimate, conclusive, concluding, farthest;
antonyms (n) opening, (adj) first, 2. stay (kalma, kalmak); synonyms (v) remain, reside, rest, prop, stop, pause, arrest, bide, support, linger, (n) delay, halt, check, (adj) cease, inhabit; antonyms (v) leave, change, abscond, depart, 3. bear (ayı, taşımak);
synonyms (v) carry, accept, acquit, stand, take, afford, allow, apply, assume, behave, brook, comport, conduct, convey, digest, 4. consist;
synonyms (v) be, belong, lie, comprise, fit, (n) agree,
5. lean; synonyms (adj) emaciated, gaunt, thin, bony, lank, lanky, (v) incline, bend, list, slant, bow, careen, pitch, (n) tilt, inclination; antonyms (adj) fat, plump, 6. rest (dinlenme); synonyms (n)
remnant, repose, balance, recess, relaxation, residue, leisure, break, quiet, respite, (v) nap, sleep, ease, perch, (adj) remainder; antonym (v) work, 7. support (dayanak, destek, desteklemek);
synonyms (n) help, aid, keep, comfort, maintenance, patronage, (v) assist, back, brace, encourage, maintain, bear, boost, confirm, corroborate; antonyms (n) hindrance, (v) oppose, neglect, undermine, abandon, reject, weaken, 8. stomach (mide); synonyms (n) abdomen, appetite, belly, breadbasket, maw, paunch, relish, taste, hunger, palate, (v) suffer, tolerate, go, (adj)
swallow, eat, 9. take (almak); synonyms (v)
admit, get, adopt, catch, clutch, obtain, return, borrow, pick, acquire, appropriate, bring, capture,
(n) seize, (phr) receive; antonyms (v) give, refuse, abstain, add, lose, 10. resist; synonyms (v) repel, rebel, defy, revolt, balk, combat, disobey, impede, protest, withstand, rebuff, demur, baulk, challenge,
(n) confront; antonyms (v) surrender, yield, assent,
11. stand (ayakta durmak, durmak);
synonyms (v) stall, undergo, erect, last, persist, place, resist, rise, (n) attitude, booth, rack, base, pedestal, position, stay; antonym (v) sit.
dayatmak insist; synonyms (v) affirm, assert, contend, claim, asseverate, declare, maintain, urge, importune, press, argue, force, dwell, hold, persist.
dazlak bald; synonyms (adj) bare, hairless, simple, austere, meager, threadbare, raw, barefaced, dry, forthright, mere, naked, nude, plain, stark;
antonym (adj) hairy.
de 1. also (da); synonyms (adv) too, likewise, moreover, more, besides, withal, again, equally, further, item, similarly, so, (conj) and, furthermore,
2. too (dahi); synonyms (adv) also, excessively, over, overly, extremely, unduly.
debdebe state (devlet, durum, eyalet); synonyms
(n) nation, position, say, country, kingdom, show, place, (v) declare, expound, express, mention, affirm, allege, announce, (adj) national; antonyms
(v) deny, (adj) private.
dede grandfather; synonyms (n) gramps, grandad, granddad, grandpa, grandpapa, grandsire, granddaddy, patriarch.
dedektif detective; synonyms (n) investigator, scout, tec, officer, spy, policeman, snoop, runner, watchman, analyst, beagle, bull, (v) informer, delator, eavesdropper.
dedikodu 1. gossip; synonyms (n) rumor, chitchat, gab, chatterbox, conversation, babble, comment, talk, blabbermouth, (v) chat, chatter, natter, tattle, blab, chaffer; antonym (n) fact, 2. tale; synonyms
(n) story, account, narrative, fable, fib, narration, recital, report, fiction, history, legend, lie, relation, yarn, gossip, 3. scandal (skandal); synonyms (n)
disgrace, dishonor, outrage, discredit, infamy, disrepute, backbiting, detraction, dirt, ignominy, opprobrium, shame, obloquy, hearsay, disparagement; antonym (n) honor, 4. rumour;
synonym (v) bruit.
defetmek remove (kaldırmak); synonyms (v) oust, take, pull, eject, expel, deduct, discharge, strip, delete, erase, evacuate, extract, abolish, get, (adj)
clear; antonyms (v) insert, install, place.
defin 1. burial; synonyms (n) interment, entombment, sepulture, burying, funeral, inhumation, 2. funeral; synonyms (n) burial, pyre, wake, committal, (adj) funebrial.
defne bay (koy); synonyms (n) alcove, bark, recess, cry, harbor, fiord, sound, cove, embayment, gulf,
(adj) brown, (v) yap, roar, bellow, howl.
defter 1. notebook; synonyms (n) book, laptop, pad, album, computer, file, machine, mainframe, processor, supercomputer, workstation, block, notepaper, 2. book (kitap); synonyms (n) bible, journal, pamphlet, tome, volume, writing, text, manuscript, (v) order, reserve, apply, inscribe, list, record, arrest.
değer 1. merit; synonyms (n) worth, credit, desert, virtue, goodness, quality, significance, value,
dignity, distinction, due, (v) deserve, earn, rate, (adj)
excellence, 2. value; synonyms (n) merit, cost, appraise, importance, consequence, (v) price, appreciate, assess, esteem, evaluate, cherish, estimate, measure, prize, rank; antonyms (n)
disadvantage, futility, uselessness, insignificance,
3. worth; synonyms (n) benefit, import, good, substance, fortune, profit, use, wealth, worthiness, advantage, meaning, property, superiority, (adj)
honor; antonym (n) worthlessness, 4. account (hesap); synonyms (n) bill, narrative, reckoning, regard, score, tale, description, explanation, history, narration, reason, recital, story, tab, (v)
report, 5. valuation; synonyms (n) estimation, appraisal, evaluation, appraisement, assessment, appreciation, rating, measurement,
admeasurement, mensuration, survey, 6. price (eder, fiyat); synonyms (n) charge, expense, figure, damage, fee, payment, toll, expenditure, quotation, quote, reward, terms, (v) amount, doom.
değerleme valuation; synonyms (n) estimation, appraisal, evaluation, estimate, appraisement, assessment, appreciation, rating, measurement, prize, value, worth, admeasurement, mensuration,
(v) price.
değerlendirme evaluation; synonyms (n) appraisal, assessment, estimation, judgment, mark, rating, review, estimate, examination, opinion, valuation, analysis, choice, score.
değerlendirmek evaluate; synonyms (v) appraise, assess, calculate, gauge, estimate, value, grade, measure, rank, reckon, review, weigh, assay, esteem, regard.
değerlenmek appreciate; synonyms (v) esteem, prize, treasure, value, appraise, fathom, acknowledge, admire, apprize, cherish, comprehend, enjoy, estimate, grasp, (adj)
understand; antonyms (v) depreciate, scorn.
değerli 1. valuable; synonyms (adj) costly, estimable, precious, beneficial, expensive, helpful, useful, worthy, admirable, important, dear, invaluable, priceless, profitable, rich; antonyms (adj) worthless, useless, 2. costly; synonyms (adj) valuable, extravagant, high, luxurious, pricey, sumptuous, beloved, plush, pricy, splendid; antonym (adj)
cheap, 3. dear (sevgili); synonyms (adj) close, lovely, near, adorable, affectionate, cherished, familiar, intimate, loved, pet, favorite, (n) darling, love, honey, sweetheart, 4. precious; synonyms
(adj) golden, choice, inestimable, exquisite, cute, noble, good, goodly, sweet, valued, delicate, gorgeous, opulent, (adv) extremely, preciously.
değersiz cheap (ucuz); synonyms (adj) inexpensive, low, stingy, tacky, base, brassy, bum, cheesy, economical, flashy, mean, niggardly, reasonable, shabby, sleazy; antonyms (adj) expensive, costly, generous, tasteful, first-rate, luxurious.
değil 1. not; synonyms (adv) no, nay, nor, nowise, never, (adj) shaven, shorn, 2. no (hayır); synonyms
(n) refusal, rejection, denial, number, nix, rebuff, nobelium, ordinal, (adj) zero, naught, none, non, nul.
değinmek refer (bakmak, başvurmak); synonyms
(v) allude, apply, pertain, submit, deliver, commend, advert, impute, name, relate, invoke, adduce, ascribe, attribute, consign.
değirmen mill; synonyms (n) grind, factory, grinder, manufactory, machine, plant, engine, gin, notch, shop, implement, (v) crush, pulverize, spar, (adj)
cent.
değirmenci miller; synonym (n) muller.
değişik 1. different (başka); synonyms (adj) another, assorted, dissimilar, unusual, various, alien, alternative, discrete, distinct, diverse, foreign, fresh, miscellaneous, new, opposite; antonyms (adj)
similar, corresponding, equal, identical, like, typical, 2. varied; synonyms (adj) mixed, different, diversified, sundry, heterogeneous, manifold, motley, many, versatile, odd; antonyms (adj)
boring, dull, homogeneous, uniform.
değişiklik 1. change (değiştirmek); synonyms (n)
shift, alteration, barter, modification, variation, move, (v) exchange, alter, adapt, alternate, cash, convert, switch, transpose, turn; antonyms (v) stay, leave, idle, maintain, 2. modification; synonyms
(n) change, adaptation, adjustment, limitation, deviation, qualification, accommodation, amendment, conversion, limiting, mutation, revision, correction, evolution, improvement, 3. shift; synonyms (n) interchange, spell, device, resource, expedient, movement, (v) remove, quibble, budge, displace, transfer, fluctuate, reposition, shuffle, slip, 4. variety (varyete);
synonyms (n) kind, sort, species, form, style, type, breed, diversity, genus, miscellany, nature, range, strain, (adj) class, (v) difference; antonym (n)
uniformity, 5. alteration; synonyms (n)
changeover, metamorphosis, transformation, commutation, upheaval, departure, innovation, vicissitude, 6. amendment; synonyms (n)
betterment, redress, mend, rectification, reform, 7. variance; synonyms (n) disagreement,
discrepancy, dissension, division, discord, divergence, misunderstanding, dissimilarity, dissonance, conflict, dispute, variability, contrast, contention, dissent.
değişim 1. change (değişiklik, değiştirmek);
synonyms (n) shift, alteration, barter, modification, variation, move, (v) exchange, alter, adapt, alternate, cash, convert, switch, transpose, turn;
antonyms (v) stay, leave, idle, maintain, 2. variation; synonyms (n) change, difference, divergence, mutation, variance, deviation, discrepancy, departure, fluctuation, disagreement,
dissimilarity, permutation, contrast, distinction, innovation; antonym (n) similarity.
değişken 1. variable; synonyms (adj) unstable, changeable, fickle, inconstant, capricious, erratic, fitful, mutable, uncertain, unsettled, unsteady, fluctuating, inconsistent, shifting, variant;
antonyms (adj) constant, fixed, invariable, regular, set, smooth, 2. mobile; synonyms (adj) fluid, mercurial, expressive, lively, migrant, motile, flying, nomadic, peregrine, roving, spirited, variable, versatile, vivacious, (v) movable;
antonyms (adj) immobile, impassive, motionless.
değişme 1. shift; synonyms (n) interchange, turn, move, switch, conversion, (v) change, exchange, remove, quibble, alter, budge, convert, displace, transfer, fluctuate, 2. conversion (çevirme, dönüştürme); synonyms (n) alteration, changeover, adaptation, transformation, adjustment, amendment, modification, passage, shift, transition, version, (adj) salvation, adoption, beatification, 3. change (değişiklik,
değiştirmek); synonyms (n) barter, variation, alternation, commutation, development, (v) adapt, alternate, cash, transpose, twist, affect, adjust, amend, commute, correct; antonyms (v) stay, leave, idle, maintain, 4. variation; synonyms (n)
difference, divergence, mutation, variance, deviation, discrepancy, departure, fluctuation, disagreement, dissimilarity, permutation, contrast, distinction, innovation, variant; antonym (n)
similarity.
değişmek 1. change (değişiklik, değiştirmek);
synonyms (n) shift, alteration, barter, modification, variation, move, (v) exchange, alter, adapt, alternate, cash, convert, switch, transpose, turn;
antonyms (v) stay, leave, idle, maintain, 2. alter (değiştirmek); synonyms (v) change, adjust, affect, amend, castrate, correct, transform, vary, distort, diversify, edit, emasculate, fluctuate, invert, neuter, 3. vary; synonyms (v) differ, modify, deviate, diverge, modulate, depart, disagree, variegate, contrast, dissent, range, interchange, digress, go, motley, 4. shift; synonyms (n)
conversion, spell, device, resource, expedient, movement, evasion, (v) remove, quibble, budge, displace, transfer, reposition, shuffle, slip, 5. convert (dönüştürmek); synonyms (v) reform, commute, become, replace, reverse, shape, substitute, swap, trade, translate, convince, (n)
proselyte, neophyte, novice, (adj) believer.
değişmez 1. fixed (sabit); synonyms (adj)
determined, definite, steady, constant, durable, certain, decided, determinate, established, fast, fastened, intent, permanent, (v) stable, (adv) firm;
antonyms (adj) flexible, adaptable, adjustable, changeable, movable, separate, variable, compliant, loose, moveable, portable, removable, temporary,
2. constant (sabit); synonyms (adj) ceaseless, incessant, perpetual, continual, abiding,
changeless, consistent, continuous, eternal, faithful, frequent, loyal, resolute, steadfast, (n) invariable;
antonyms (adj) intermittent, irregular, sporadic, episodic, erratic, inconstant, disloyal, fickle, inconsistent, occasional, unreliable, 3. permanent (kalıcı); synonyms (adj) lasting, fixed, everlasting, perennial, enduring, immutable, indelible, continuing, immortal, standing, stationary, unchangeable, undying, ineffaceable, (n) perm;
antonyms (adj) fleeting, brief, impermanent, provisional, transitory, fragile, superficial, 4. rigid;
synonyms (adj) harsh, hard, inflexible, stiff, austere, set, strict, exacting, formal, rigorous, severe, stern, tense, tight, tough; antonyms (adj) elastic, soft, 5. steady; synonyms (adj) even, secure, cool, sedate, settled, smooth, solid, staid, composed, staunch, dependable, (v) calm, regular, brace, quiet;
antonyms (adj) unsteady, shaky, wobbly, 6. set (ayarlamak, grup, set, takım); synonyms (v) fix, place, lay, put, locate, position, regulate, define, adjust, arrange, congeal, (n) class, bent, circle, lot;
antonyms (v) soften, liquefy, melt, (n) combing, comb-out, (adj) liquid, 7. settled; synonyms (adj)
defined, formed, confirmed, finished, done, peaceful, assured, sober, stated, colonized, occupied, ordinary, over, serious; antonym (adj)
uninhabited, 8. stable; synonyms (adj) reliable, persistent, sound, immovable, immobile, responsible, equable, safe, static, stout, uniform, tranquil, still, strong, (v) stall; antonyms (adj)
unstable, dangerous, precarious, rickety, volatile.
değişmezlik stability (denge); synonyms (n)
constancy, durability, firmness, permanence, poise, equilibrium, solidity, balance, stableness, strength, endurance, immovability, fixedness, resistance, steadiness; antonym (n) instability.
değiştirme 1. conversion (çevirme, dönüştürme);
synonyms (n) alteration, change, changeover, adaptation, exchange, transformation, adjustment, amendment, modification, passage, shift, transfer, transition, version, (adj) salvation, 2. shift;
synonyms (n) interchange, turn, move, switch, conversion, spell, device, resource, (v) remove, quibble, alter, budge, convert, displace, fluctuate,
3. alteration; synonyms (n) revision, deviation, metamorphosis, variation, movement, commutation, upheaval, correction, departure, difference, evolution, innovation, mutation, vicissitude, accommodation, 4. modification (değişiklik); synonyms (n) limitation,
qualification, limiting, improvement, permutation, qualifying, variety, derivative, 5. change (değişiklik, değiştirmek); synonyms (n) barter, alternation, development, flux, (v) adapt, alternate, cash, transpose, twist, affect, adjust, amend,
commute, correct, invert; antonyms (v) stay, leave, idle, maintain, 6. exchange (santral); synonyms
(n) swap, commerce, substitute, trade, central, replacement, bazaar, give-and-take, business, (v)
counterchange, market, sell, traffic, truck, bandy, 7. replacement; synonyms (n) deputy, renewal, substitution, surrogate, reinstatement, rehabilitation, relief, return, successor, backup, alternative, restoration, replacing, (v) makeshift, ersatz.
değiştirmek 1. alter; synonyms (v) adapt, change, move, adjust, affect, amend, castrate, convert, correct, shift, transform, turn, vary, alternate, distort; antonym (v) maintain, 2. modify;
synonyms (v) alter, qualify, limit, assuage, moderate, restrict, commute, fit, revise, soften, temper, mitigate, condition, differentiate, exchange,
3. change (değişiklik); synonyms (n) alteration, barter, modification, variation, adjustment, alternation, amendment, commutation, conversion, development, difference, (v) cash, switch, transpose, twist; antonyms (v) stay, leave, idle, 4. convert (dönüştürmek); synonyms (v) reform, invert, modify, become, replace, reverse, shape, substitute, swap, trade, transfer, translate, (n)
proselyte, neophyte, (adj) believer, 5. vary;
synonyms (v) differ, deviate, diverge, diversify, modulate, depart, disagree, fluctuate, variegate, contrast, dissent, range, interchange, digress, go, 6. shift; synonyms (n) spell, device, resource, expedient, movement, evasion, changeover, makeshift, (v) remove, quibble, budge, displace, reposition, shuffle, slip, 7. switch (anahtar);
synonyms (n) cane, replacement, whip, cut, permutation, substitution, rod, break, stick, switching, (v) flip, swop, jump, lash, birch, 8. replace; synonyms (v) supersede, supplant, reinstate, restore, deputize, renew, return, succeed, deputise, follow, place, put, refund, repay, reestablish.
değme 1. contact (temas); synonyms (n) touch, connection, collision, communication, link, impact, tangency, acquaintance, (v) call, meet, adjoin, communicate, reach, butt, join, 2. touch (dokunma, dokunmak); synonyms (n) feel, tinge, feeling, hint, (v) affect, contact, hit, border, strike, stroke, regard, brush, concern, handle, interest.
değmek touch (dokunma, dokunmak); synonyms
(n) feel, tinge, feeling, hint, (v) affect, contact, hit, border, adjoin, strike, stroke, regard, brush, concern, handle.
değnek 1. stick (yapıştırmak); synonyms (n) bar, club, (v) adhere, stab, attach, cling, fix, paste, staff, cohere, affix, bind, cleave, fasten, hold, 2. staff (asa); synonyms (n) cane, post, employees, faculty,
personnel, rod, mace, baton, brace, stave, court, scepter, (v) crutch, prop, stick.
deha genius; synonyms (n) capacity, ability, flair, faculty, brain, gift, prodigy, bent, aptitude, brilliance, (adj) endowment, cleverness, ingenuity, talent, turn; antonym (n) stupidity.
dehliz 1. corridor (koridor); synonyms (n) aisle, hall, lobby, hallway, lane, vestibule, artery, alley, alleyway, path, portico, way, (v) passage, 2. gallery (galeri); synonyms (n) balcony, audience, drift, veranda, circle, porch, terrace, verandah, auditorium, auditory, boxes.
dehşet 1. horror; synonyms (n) awe, abomination, abhorrence, dismay, fear, alarm, fright, repulsion, revulsion, anxiety, apprehension, atrocity, aversion, (adj) dread, terror; antonym (n)
pleasantness, 2. terror; synonyms (n) scare, consternation, horror, panic, scourge, trepidation, brat, shock, awfulness, phobia, dreadfulness, 3. alarm (alarm); synonyms (n) alert, affright, unrest, warning, alarum, concern, disquiet, signal,
(v) agitate, horrify, startle, appall, disturb, frighten, perturb; antonyms (v) calm, comfort, 4. fear (korkmak, korku); synonyms (n) doubt, anguish, care, foreboding, worry, fearfulness, intimidation, trouble, diffidence, funk, misgiving, respect, (v)
reverence, apprehend, revere; antonyms (n)
bravery, confidence, fearlessness, reassurance.
dehşetli fearful; synonyms (adj) afraid, cowardly, dreadful, anxious, apprehensive, awful, craven, terrible, timid, dire, eerie, formidable, frightful, appalling, awesome; antonyms (adj) brave, calm, rational, bold, confident, unimpressed.
dekan dean; synonyms (n) doyen, elder, principal, senior, clergyman, father, leader, administrator, archbishop, bishop, diocesan, eminence, metropolitan, minister, pilot.