El Cambio Psicológico y la Transformación Personal

of its Jewish community. This article describes the evolution of the Tunisian government's attitudes towards Israel and the Palestinian issue in the post-independence era until the approval of the new Tunisian Constitution in 2014. The debate over whether to include an article regarding "the criminalisation of normalisation with Israel" in the recently approved Constitution was considerable. Issues related to Israel have thus gained prominence in national debate, following a period in which they were primarily discussed by Ben Ali's political opponents. Through an analysis of articles, books, Internet sources and presidential speeches, this article examines the different positions taken by Tunisia towards Israel and how they have evolved over time. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract] WESTERN SAHARA

62 Allan, Joanna

Natural resources and "intifada" : oil, phosphates and resistance to colonialism in Western Sahara / Joanna Allan - In: The Journal of North African Studies: (2016), vol. 21, no. 4, p. 645-666.

ASC Subject Headings: Western Sahara; Morocco; Spain; Saharawis; national liberation movements; resistance; natural resources.

Rich in resources and small in population, Western Sahara, partially occupied since 1975 by neighbouring Morocco, has a history shaped to a large extent by its natural wealth. Indeed, sovereignty over the country's phosphates became a key claim of the pro-independence, anti-Spanish Saharawi movement in the early 1970s. Yet the author argues in this article that, since the beginning of the Moroccan colonial period, it is only recently that sovereignty over these resources has re-emerged as a prominent demand of the Saharawi resistance activists. The article charts the long history of mostly non-violent resistance in the Occupied Territories, the focus of which, since the Moroccan occupation, has traditionally been on human rights and independence. Drawing on theories of hegemony and everyday resistance, the article explores what has prompted the recent turn towards natural resources as a demand of Saharawi pro-independence activists and asks what the wider implications of these new resistance claims are. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

63 Boulay, Sébastien

"Returnees" and political poetry in Western Sahara : defamation, deterrence and mobilisation on the web and mobile phones / Sébastien Boulay - In: The Journal of North African Studies: (2016), vol. 21, no. 4, p. 667-686.

ASC Subject Headings: Western Sahara; Morocco; national liberation struggles; Saharawis; poetry; migrants.

This article explores the relationships between literature, migration and politics in Western Sahara, in a context of a four-decade decolonisation conflict. Since a few years, some Polisario Front personalities have been rallying the Moroccan "side" and have aroused the production and circulation, on the web and mobile phones, of a new kind of satirical poetry targeting these "ralliés" considered as betrayers of the independence cause. This sensitive literature, whether funny or violent, rare but successful, amuses and disturbs Sahrawi audiences, provokes poetic responses, creates new debate opportunities and allows social sciences to better understand how politicians from both parties try to exploit and/or control population movements in that area and how people live and manoeuvre around these policies. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

NORTHEAST AFRICA EGYPT

64 Barich, Barbara E.

From lake to sand : the archaeology of Farafra Oasis Western Desert, Egypt / ed. by Barabara E. Barich, Giulio Lucarini, Mohamed A. Hamdan and Fekri A. Hassan. - Sesto Fiorentino : All'insegna del giglio, 2014. - XXIV, 503 p. : ill. ; 29 cm - Bibliogr.: p. 485-503. - Met noten.

ISBN 8878145203

ASC Subject Headings: Egypt; archaeology; archaeological artefacts; Stone Age.

This volume presents the data collected during the cycle of research conducted by the Archaeological Mission in the Farafra Oasis (Egypt) between 1990 and 2005, only in part already published in preliminary form in separate articles. The texts are accompanied by geographical and geological maps, contour maps, stratigraphic sections, plans and distribution maps of artefacts, photographs of the environment, photomosaics of the main settlement and microphotographs of archaeological artefacts (lithic industyr, bone and ostrich eggshell tools). The volume contains twenty one chapters by different authors, divided into seven sections: I Archaeological and historical framework; II Bedrock geology and geomorphology; III The Wadi el Obeiyid playa: el-Bahr; IV Hidden valley in the Wadi el Obeiyid; V Food resources at hidden valley (chapters on plant food resources, the use of wild grasses and animal remains); VI The Wadi el Obeyid cave I (Farafra cave); Archaeometry and anthracology. The volume has an introductory chapter 'Farafra oasis and the archaeological past' (Barbara E. Barich) and a concluding chapter 'Social dynamics in northern Farafra from the middle to late Holocene: changing life under uncertainty' (Barbara E. Barich, Giulio Lucarini). [ASC Leiden abstract]

NORTHEAST AFRICA - EGYPT

65 Korotayev, Andrey

Egyptian coup of 2013 : an "econometric" analysis / Andrey Korotayev, Leonid Issaev, and Alisa Shishkina - In: The Journal of North African Studies: (2016), vol. 21, no. 3, p. 341-356 : graf.

ASC Subject Headings: Egypt; coups d'état; 2013; financial market.

The article is devoted to an "econometric" analysis of the events in Egypt that happened in summer 2013. The analysis of the Egyptian Stock Exchange indices suggests that the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état was prepared to a very considerable extent by the reconciliation between the Egyptian economic and military elites. It also suggests some additional hints regarding the split between the Arabian monarchies (Qatar, on the one hand, and Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates on the other) that displayed itself during the Egyptian crisis. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

66 Tawfik, Rawia

Egypt and the transformations of the Pan-African movement : the challenge of adaptation / Rawia Tawfik - In: African Studies: (2016), vol. 75, no. 3, p. 297-315.

ASC Subject Headings: Egypt; pan-Africanism; OAU; international relations; Arab Spring.

The Pan-African movement and the contribution of the Egyptian state and society to this movement have witnessed a significant change over the last five decades. The article traces the transformations in the meaning of Pan-Africanism from liberation from discrimination and colonialism to liberation from authoritarianism and a struggle for democracy and human rights. It argues that the position of the Egyptian state has changed from a progressive force that supported the Pan-African ideals of anti-imperialism and the struggle for independence to a conservative force that defends traditional concepts of sovereignty and expresses little enthusiasm for the African Union's new governance instruments. It explores the short lived potential that the January 25 revolution presented for restoring the role of the Egyptian state and revitalising the role of its civil society at the heart of the Pan-African struggle for political and economic rights. The memoirs of Egyptian leaders and officials and the reports and statements of AU organs as well as the Egyptian ministry of foreign affairs are analysed in this article to uncover the Egyptian government's position and the comparative stance of the continental organisation. Primary and secondary sources are examined to provide an assessment of the role of non-state actors in Egypt in the Pan-African movement. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

ETHIOPIA

67 Gebremichael, Brightman

Public purpose as a justification for expropriation of rural land rights in Ethiopia / Brightman Gebremichael - In: Journal of African Law: (2016), vol. 60, no. 2, p. 190-212.

ASC Subject Headings: Ethiopia; land law; landownership; expropriation.

Expropriation of private land rights involves two contradictory interests: there is a public need for land; and landholders expect security of tenure and protection of their private property rights. A satisfactory expropriation policy must strike a balance between these interests. Legislation must therefore only authorize the government to expropriate land rights for a clear and limited public purpose under the supervision of an independent body. The author argues that Ethiopia's rural land laws have defined the public purpose for the expropriation of rural land rights in different ways depending on the nature of the landholders. For peasants and pastoralists the public purpose requirement is defined vaguely and broadly, whereas for investors the concept is limited to projects implemented by government. The author argues that the protection of private property rights and security of tenure are further undermined by a legislative failure to authorize affected people to appeal to an independent body on the basis that the public purpose requirement has not been satisfied. Notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

68 Lemke, Jeslyn

Tweeting democracy : an ethnographic content analysis of social media use in the differing politics of Senegal and Ethiopia's newspapers / Jeslyn Lemke and Endalk Chala - In:

Journal of African Media Studies: (2016), vol. 8, no. 2, p. 167-185 : ill., tab.

ASC Subject Headings: Senegal; Ethiopia; journalism; social media; newspapers.

This descriptive, empirical study gives context to how print journalists in two politically different African nations, Senegal and Ethiopia, use Twitter and Facebook to report the news and to what extent. We ask, "how is this new model of online reporting manifesting itself in Ethiopian and Senegalese newsrooms, given Senegal's track record of democratic government and free press and Ethiopia's infamously authoritarian control and censorship of the country's journalists?". The method is a content analysis of 60 days of posts on ten print newspapers' Twitter and Facebook pages, to establish a comparative assessment of the two nations. Findings are also given context by comparing the print newspapers' popularity on Twitter and Facebook against each nation's top 20 most popular Twitter and Facebook pages. Results show Ethiopia to be markedly behind in Twitter posts, but the newspapers of each country show similar rates of posting to Facebook. Journalists in both nations are not livetweeting events, but instead are linking content on social media to the newspaper's main home page. Bibliogr., sum. [Journal abstract]