4. Funciones racionales hiperholomorfas. 49
4.7. Matrices de funciones que admiten una realizaci´on
For the four –way matrix, the four villages were selected using the following criteria: a) Resettled and HHZ–Assisted, b) Non‐Resettled and HHZ‐assisted, c) Resettled and non HHZ‐Assisted d) Non‐Resettled and Non HHZ‐Assisted (Table 2) Selecting villages this way was to ensure that, the sampled villages provided a good base for analyzing the situation on the ground in the best way that addresses the research questions (See Chapter One). In addition, the four‐way matrix assisted me to understand the differences between those primary villages including causal relationships in the situation under study. Further, the four‐way matrix allowed me to compare and test the influence of two important processes i.e. development and resettlement, by purposefully selecting villages that met the set criteria (see details in Table 2). Also the four‐way –matrix was related to the way I theorise the
interaction between the resettlement trajectory and the interjection of the NGO (See details in Chapter One).
TABLE 2: SELECTING PRIMARY RESEARCH VILLAGES USING THE FOUR‐WAY MATRIX
Type Selection Criteria Village Selected
Neighbourhood
Resettled Received support from HHZ
Hamukonde Nabutezi
Never received support from HHZ
Nangoba Nabutezi Non Resettled Received support from
HHZ
Kafwakuduli Matuwa Never received any
support from HHZ
Malata Matuwa
Source: Researcher’s field notes (2014).
Since currently, the majority of the people in Simamba live inland/uplands neighbourhoods and not on the Kariba lakeside, this present study purposively selected the primary villages from inland/uplands neighbourhoods for detailed data collection. However, a few lakeside villages were visited as well, to gather
information on specific issues such as the benefits of the fishing industry To select the primary villages for detailed data collection, I reviewed archival documents to obtain background information on a list of names of resettled villages i.e. those that moved from the Zambezi River. The list was used as a basis upon, which key
informants helped me make the selection. The following criteria were used: (a) total numbers of people per village. Attention was made to ensure that, the villages were purposefully selected; paying attention to those resettled villages that still had a larger percentage of first generation of resettlers who are still alive and had lived along the Zambezi River; (b) villages assisted by HHZ in locations that is home to both resettlers and host population; and (c). villages not assisted by HHZ, in locations that have both resettlers and host populations.
No lakeside villages were sampled for this research because of the following reasons‐ firstly villages at the lakeside are sparsely populated compared to those located upland; and secondly, most lakeside villages are accordingly populated by non‐indigenous Gwembe Tonga people, such as those from other parts of Zambia and some neighbouring countries, who have come to earn a living from the lake Kariba fisheries. Consistent with the four‐way matrix, two major Simamba locations with high population densities were identified. These were Nabutezi and Matuwa neighbourhoods community. 23
23 In this thesis, I use the term ‘village’ to refer to a group of households located in a designated area that is governed by a headman/headwoman; and a ‘Neighbourhood
Community’ as comprising a constellation of villages that are governed by a senior headman collectively. In Simamba, there are five such neighbourhoods which are Gwena, Matuwa, Nabutezi, Manchavwa and Munyama.
Selecting the first two primary villages in Nabutezi neighbourhood.
Nabutezi neighbourhood has a total population of 2,724 (Central Statistics Office 2010) living in 599 households and resident in 18 villages. Perhaps, it is densely populated because there is a clinic nearby and all year round water from the
Nabutezi stream. There are also numerous other small seasonal tributaries that are also used for vegetable gardening between June and October each year. Water for drinking is drawn from four boreholes located at various spots within the
neighbourhood. The Nabutezi neighbourhood is governed by a senior headman (a second generation resettler, who has recently taken over from his father i.e. a first generation resettler because of advanced age). It is named after a local perennial stream. Two of the study villages were selected from this neighbourhood (Table 2 and Figure 3).
Reasons Nabutezi neighbourhood was selected as a research site
The following are the characteristics used to select Nabutezi neighbourhood as my research site:
1. It has one of the largest concentrations of villages that were resettled as well as those from host villages (four out of the six villages that did not resettle are located in Nabutezi neighbourhood) and has a reasonable number of first generation of resettlers still alive‐ most of whom are aged 70 years or over.
2. It is located in inlands/uplands of Simamba, and was unoccupied before resettlement, therefore, it is home to mostly resettlers who were previously resettled at Mankwalala and Dokota resettlement sites (see details in Chapter Five). Therefore, Nabutezi neighbourhood has a very diverse population of both first and second generation resettlers, who individually and together have lived in Simamba before and after the move.
3. A large portion of Nabutezi neighbourhood is part of HHZ’s project area while a few others particularly those recently formed new villages like Nangoba – post resettlement, are not. It is located in the remotest part of Simamba, which is about 45 kilometres from the tarmac road from Lusaka to Siavonga
and to the Kariba dam; and to Kariba town in Zimbabwe24. From the tarred road junction, Simamba is only reached via a gravel road that later joins the bottom road at Mankwalala. Some sections of that road, especially those leading to Munyama and Manchavwa neighbourhoods become impassable during the rainy season. Being located very far from the busy tarred roads, has implications on the resettlement process.
4. The major economic activity by adult men and women is mixed farming, while the youths are involved in fishing as a part time business. Money earned from fishing is invested in mostly goats and grocery shops. It is for this reason that Nabutezi is one of the neighbourhoods in Simamba with the largest numbers of goats. All these four characteristics together have implications on the resettlement process to be discussed later.
Selecting the next two primary villages in Matuwa neighbourhood
Matuwa Neighbourhood has a total population of 4,712 (Central Statistics Office 2010), living in 22 villages dispersed across the place. Matuwa is governed by a senior headman. This is also the neighbourhood where chief Simamba’s residence is located. Two of my four primary villages were selected from this neighbourhood.
Reasons for selecting this neighbourhood were:
1. It is located inlands/uplands, very far from the Zambezi in some places.
Water for both livestock and domestic use is a serious constraint in the large part of this neighbourhood, a constraint that is limiting livelihoods activities that can be undertaken. Two of Simamba’s six villages i.e. Malata and
Kafwakuduli that did not move are located in this neighbourhood. These two villages received resettlers including chief Simamba.
24 Scudder (1985) reports that an all weather road from Lusaka to the Kariba dam then into Zimbabwe was constructed in 1955 to facilitate transportation of building materials and equipment to the dam construction site. It was tarred in 1960.
2. The Matuwa neighbourhood has some resettlers and host populations that are Shona/ Goba and the Gwembe Tonga speaking people, which brings into context of two ethnic grouping living together.
3. The first primary school in Simamba that was built in 1958 is now a secondary school and much bigger, is located there. Before, HHZ built its schools on the lake Kariba shoreline, Matuwa primary was the only school in the entire Simamba chiefdom. It has the first clinic built in Simamba i.e. the Simamba Rural Health Centre also built soon after resettlement. The presence of a school and clinic appears to have attracted the large population of people to this neighbourhood.
4. The Matuwa neighbourhood is located about five kilometres from the main tarmac road from Lusaka to Kariba via Siavonga, a situation that enables the majority of the people to engage in a diverse range of livelihood activities especially trading. This means access to and from this neighbourhood is very good as people can walk to the junction to the tarmack leading to the Lake Kariba and entry into Kariba town in Zimbabwe. HHZ implemented a few activities in some villages because this neighbourhood already had the presence of the Catholic missionaries providing external support since 1969, as will be explained in detail in Chapter Seven. All these four characteristics have implications for the resettlement process as will be explained in Chapter Five through to Seven.
4.2.4. CHOOSING RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS.
a) Choosing Quantitative Research Participants.
Once the four primary villages were selected, the individual respondents for the household survey were randomly sampled. Giddens (2001:648) defines sampling as carefully picking a small portion of the overall population, so that results can be generalized. He emphasizes that the sampled population must be representative i.e.
must be typical of the population as a whole, an aspect that was taken care of by the four‐way matrix. In Non HHZ target villages, the households for this research were selected from list of names from the headman’s village register. Random sampling
was used in such a way that every member of the primary villages had equal chances of being in a sample. Amongst the HHZ target villages, the households were
identified using HHZ project beneficiary registers and village registers (kept by headmen). In all the four primary research villages, the target was the household head, but where both the husband and wife were present, they were interviewed together. Interviewing couples enabled this research to gather richer information as both the wife and husband had sometimes very different perspectives on some issues. In a situation, where the household head was not available, as was many times the case, either the wife/husband or a close member of the household who has lived with the family for a long time and was prepared to answer questions on behalf of the household head was interviewed.
Where appropriate, church records were used to identify some participants in cases where headmen did not have updated records, as was the case in some villages. Thereafter, respondents were further selected based on other
representations, such as sex, age, and years of residence in Simamba chiefdom. To select the respondents amongst several households, names were written on a piece of paper, folded and put in a small box. A volunteer in each target village was asked to pick a name, read it to all present and then the assistant researchers wrote that particular name in their notebook until all target respondents were sampled in each of the primary villages. In Nangoba, all households were interviewed as they were few (See Table 3). In some villages such as Kafwakuduli the sampling process had to be repeated as some of the sampled household heads were out of the village for an extended time, and there was no one amongst other household members to
correctly provide the required information. The majority of the research participants were interviewed either at their homes or their fields. Overall, this research
administered a questionnaire to 46 percent of the overall population in those primary villages. Of the 130 respondents, 44 percent were female (Table 3).
TABLE 3: TOTAL NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS SAMPLED PER PRIMARY VILLAGE