El modelo de negocio

2. ANTECEDENTES BIBLIOGRÁFICOS

2.3. El modelo de negocio

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Parts of plants

7

Match.

The part of the plant that grows above the ground and supports it .

The green parts of the plant that grow from

the stem .

The parts of the plant that are usually

underground . leaves

stem

roots Label the plant. Then, answer the question.

Is the stem of this plant woody or herbaceous? Explain .

Label the parts of the leaf.

Remember

Plants have roots, leaves, and a stem . Roots are underground .

Stems grow above the ground . They can be woody or herbaceous . Leaves have two parts: the petiole and the blade .

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What do plants need? Label the drawing.

Label the diagram of photosynthesis.

During photosynthesis, plants take in and release . What is photosynthesis?

Remember

Plants make their own food through photosynthesis .

For photosynthesis, plants need water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and sunlight . Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis .

Plant nutrition

8

c d

m s

c d

o s

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Plant reproduction

9

Label the parts of the flower.

stamen pistil sepal petal

Complete the sentences.

The calyx is made up of small green leaves called s . The corolla is made up of coloured leaves called p .

The s are the male parts of the flower . They produce pollen . The p is the female part of the flower .

Answer the questions.

What is the reproductive part of a plant?

What is pollination?

Remember

Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants .

The parts of a flower are: the calyx, the corolla, the stamens and the pistil. The pistil consists of the stigma, the style and the ovary .

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamens of one flower to the stigma of another flower .

After pollination, flowers become fruits . Fruits have seeds inside .

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Write T (true) and F (false).

Rocks are made up of minerals . All rocks are soft .

There are liquid rocks .

Marble is a hard rock made up of one mineral . Clay is a soft rock made up of fine grains .

Match.

quarry A place where rocks are extracted from

near the surface of the ground .

shaft A place where rocks and minerals are

extracted from deep below the ground .

mine The tunnel through which miners reach

the rocks in a mine .

Write three uses of rocks. Give an example for each.

Remember

Rocks form the solid part of the Earth . All rocks are made up of minerals .

Rocks

10

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Minerals

11

What are minerals? How are they different from rocks?

Use the words to write sentences about minerals.

shape lustre colour hardness

Complete the sentence.

is the hardest mineral .

Match each mineral to its use.

magnetite for constructing buildings

diamond for obtaining iron

gypsum for making jewellery

Remember

Minerals are natural, solid substances .

All minerals are made up of only one sustance .

Minerals have different properties: hardness, lustre, colour and shape .

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Match.

Rain, ice and wind wear down rocks into smaller pieces .

The actions of animals and plant roots break the rocks into even

smaller pieces .

Small pieces of rock mix with humus to form soil .

Label the layers of soil. Then, circle the layer that contains humus.

Remember

Soil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface . In many places it covers rocks . Soil consists of stones, water, air, minerals and the remains of plants and animals . Wind, rain, ice, animals and plant roots break down rocks and make soil . Soil has three layers: topsoil containing humus, subsoil and bedrock .

12 ^Soil

sin cortes

con cortes A

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Complete the chart.

plants temperature soil water animals

Use the words to make sentences.

ecosystems make up environment living things

ecosystems terrestrial grasslands forests deserts

ecosystems aquatic freshwater saltwater

Remember

An ecosystem is made up of all the living things and all the non-living components that live together in one place .

Ecosystems can be terrestrial or aquatic .

Terrestrial ecosystems can be forests, grasslands or deserts .

Aquatic ecosystems can be freshwater ecosystems or saltwater ecosystems .

Ecosystems

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Ecosystems

Environment Living things

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Match.

Competition When two living things have

the same needs .

Cooperation When living things eat other living things .

Food relationships

When two living things help each other .

Draw the arrows for this food chain.

Write the names of the living things in Activity 2.

plant herbivore carnivore

Remember

There are different relationships between the living things in an ecosystem:

food relationships, competition and cooperation .

We use food chains to show how living things feed off other living things in an ecosystem .

Relationships in ecosystems

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Protecting ecosystems

15

Match.

Pollution cutting down trees

Deforestation using up too many natural resources

Overexploitation rubbish and car fumes

Look at the pictures. Write pollution, deforestation or overexploitation.

Answer the questions.

What is a nature reserve?

Is there a nature reserve in your Autonomous Community or Autonomous City?

Write the name and location . 1

Remember

Ecosystems deteriorate because of pollution, deforestation and overexploitation . We create laws and nature reserves to protect ecosystems .

A B C

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Answer the questions.

What is matter?

What is volume?

What are the three states of matter?

Match.

mass volume

Write T (true) and F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

Solids have a fixed shape and volume .

Liquids do not have a fixed shape or a fixed volume .

Gases have a fixed volume, but the shape can vary because they adopt the shape of the container they are in .

Remember

Everything around us is made up of matter .

All objects have two properties in common: mass, which is the amount of matter in an object, and volume, which is the amount of space an object occupies .

All matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas .

Matter and its properties

16

MILK

CHEESE

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Changes in matter

17

Remember

There are three types of changes in matter: mixtures, changes of state and chemical changes .

Oxidation and combustion are chemical changes which occur when a substance combines with oxygen .

Cross out the wrong word. Then, rewrite the sentences.

Oxidation / A mixture is when two or more substances mix together .

Chemical changes / Changes of state are when substances change into different substances .

Combustion / A mixture is when something burns and produces heat .

Oxidation / An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals .

Complete the chart with freezing, condensation, melting and evaporation.

solid liquid gas

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Classify the materials.

concrete wood glass leather granite paper

Natural materials

Man-made materials

Circle six properties of materials and write them.

T R A N S P A R E N T

X Y F H Y M E T Q P W

P C D F H K N U W R B

R E S I S T A N T D L

Q L K W N F S K F M I

S A K P K M L S R G G

L S Y Q J Y B F A D H

D T C R U R Z Y G K T

T I L S D X C P I W N

S C M L C T Z W L Y Z

B L X X Z B L Y E S X

M R B E V W N T L T E

F L E X I B L E Q W C

Remember

Materials are the substances which we use to make things . Materials can be natural or man-made .

Materials have properties . For example, they can be resistant, flexible, elastic, transparent, light and fragile .

Materials

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Look at how force acts upon the objects in each picture and write in contact or at a distance.

Read and circle two errors. Then, write the text correctly.

Things do not fall ‘down’. They fall towards the centre of the Earth.

This is called the force of friction. This force attracts objects to the Sun.

Remember

Forces can act when two objects come into contact or at a distance . Forces can be of attraction or repulsion .

Friction is the force that makes objects slow down and stop . Gravity is the force that makes things fall to the ground .

Forces

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A B

C D

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What is energy?

◾ Now, complete the words.

Types of energy

Z ] [ ]

\

m c t

e n l

What type of energy have they got?

petrol wind uranium x-rays sunlight fire

Write the types of energy each object uses and produces.

Remember

Energy makes things change .

There are different types of energy: mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical, nuclear and light .

Energy can change from one type of energy into another type of energy .

Energy

20

A B C

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Classify the types of energy. Then, answer the question.

coal sunlight

wind

petroleum

uranium

wood Renewable energy sources

Non-renewable energy sources What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?

Match the type of power station to its source of energy.

thermal power station wind

hydroelectric power station energy from falling water

wind farm uranium

nuclear power station coal, natural gas, petrol 1

Remember

Energy comes from energy sources . There are two types:

Renewable energy sources, such as sunlight and wind, which never run out, or wood, which can be renewed .

Non-renewable energy sources, such as uranium and petroleum, which can run out and cannot be replaced .

Uses of energy

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How does light travel?

Match.

translucent

transparent

opaque

Look at the picture. Write reflection or refraction.

◾ Now, explain your answer.

Remember

Light travels in all directions at very high speed and in a straight line . There are three different types of objects according to how much light passes through them: opaque, translucent and transparent .

When light reaches an opaque object, it bounces off the object into our eyes so we can see it . This is called reflection .

When light reaches a transparent medium, it bends and changes direction . This is called refraction .

22 The propagation of light

A B C

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Complete the sentences.

absorb

white

primary

reflect light is made up of all colours .

Red, green and blue are the colours of light .

White objects all light and do not absorb any light . Black objects all light and do not reflect any light .

Colour the lemon yellow.

◾ Now, explain how we see the lemon as yellow.

Remember

White light is made up of all the colours we can see .

The primary colours of light are red, green and blue . When we mix the primary colours of light we can create all the colours of light .

When light rays reach an object, this object absorbs some of the light and reflects some of it . The colour we see is the colour of the light that the object reflects .

Light and colours

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Read the definition and write the word.

An area made up of one or more cities, towns or villages that have the same local council .

Municipalities in the same region that share similar characteristics .

Answer the questions about the picture.

What kind of comarca is it: mountain or coastal? Explain .

Which letter indicates the place with most services? Explain .

How many municipalities does this comarca have?

Remember

A municipality consists of one or more cities, towns or villages which are governed by a local council .

A comarca consists of several municipalities in the same region .

All the inhabitants of a comarca share basic services such as hospitals and schools .

Municipalities and comarcas

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D C

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Use the key to colour the map.

red An Autonomous City .

blue An insular Autonomous Community . orange A coastal Autonomous Community .

green An Autonomous Community which consists of one province .

yellow An Autonomous Community which consists of more than seven provinces . 1

Remember

Spain is divided into seventeen Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous Cities: Ceuta and Melilla .

A province is larger than a comarca and consists of many municipalities .

Autonomous communities and provinces

OF ASTURIAS CANTABRIA BASQUE COUNTRY

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Colour your Autonomous Community or City.

◾ Now, answer the questions.

What is the name of your Autonomous Community or City?

What is the name of its capital?

How many provinces does it have?

What borders your Autonomous Community?

Is your Autonomous Community insular or on the peninsula?

Remember

Each Autonomous Community or Autonomous City is an area with its own capital, its own government institutions, symbols and history .

An Autonomous Community is divided into one or more provinces .

My Autonomous Community

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What is the highest mountain in the Baetic Chain?

What is the highest mountain in the Pyrenees?

◾ Now, mark these two mountains on the map.

Remember

The Iberian Peninsula has many different landscapes .

Central Spain is dominated by a large plateau, called the Meseta Central or Inner Plateau . It is divided into two parts by the Central Mountain Chain .

The Pyrenees is a mountain chain to the north of the Inner Plateau . The Baetic Chain is a mountain chain to the south of the Inner Plateau .

27 The relief of Spain

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Match the words to their definitions.

river a river that flows into a larger river

tributary the volume of water in a river

watershed a body of moving water

flow where rivers flow into the same sea

Label the three watersheds of Spain.

Which is the largest watershed?

Which is the smallest watershed?

Write one river for each watershed.

Atlantic Cantabrian Mediterranean

A watershed is the dividing line betweem mountain ranges . Rivers on the same watershed flow into the same sea . Spain has three main watersheds: the

Cantabrian watershed, the Mediterranean watershed and the Atlantic watershed .

The rivers and watersheds of Spain

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Complete.

Climate and are not the same thing . is the typical weather patterns over a long period of time in one area .

The distance of an area from the determines how much heat it receives from the . This affects climate .

Match.

polar zone It is hot all year round .

temperate zone It is very cold all year round .

tropical zone The summers are warm and the winters are cool .

Identify and label the four climates in Spain.

Remember

The Earth has three climatic zones: the tropical zone, two temperate zones and two polar zones .

Spain has four different types of climate: the Oceanic climate, the Mediterranean climate, the Mountain climate and the Subtropical climate .

Climate

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Write census or municipal register.

A list of the people who live in a municipality . The local council updates this list every year .

A list of the inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a country . This list is updated

every ten years .

Circle the correct options, A or B, then, circle the correct picture.

Remember

A census and a municipal register tell us about the population of a place . Population changes over time because of natural and migratory growth .

Population

30

… there are more births than deaths .

… there are more immigrants than

emigrants . A The population of a place

increases because

… there are more deaths

than births .

… there are more emigrants than

immigrants . B The population of a place

increases because…

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Put the phrases in order, then, write two sentences.

Traditions are

the typical foods

customs that are passed down from adults to

children .

Traditional dishes

are

of a place or region .

Give two examples of each type of tradition where you live.

Traditional dishes

Historical monuments

Festivals

Dances 1

Remember

Traditions are the customs of people in a particular place . They are passed down from adults to children . Traditions include songs, dances, legends and typical food .

Traditions and festivals

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What jobs belong to the primary sector?

Match the types of farming to the pictures.

extensive farming

dry crops

irrigated crops

Read the definitions and complete the words.

Raising animals such as pigs, cows or sheep . s This sector gets food from the sea . f Extracting minerals from beneath the ground . m People who obtain wood from forests f

work in this activity .

How important is the primary sector in your Autonomous Community or City? Explain.

Remember

The primary sector includes jobs that obtain products directly from nature .

Crop farming, stockbreeding, forestry, mining and fishing belong to the primary sector .

The primary sector

32

A B C

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The secondary sector

33

Complete the text with these words.

construction raw materials secondary manufactured products Jobs that transform into belong to the sector . Jobs in factories, crafts

or belong to this sector .

Look at the pictures and write construction, industry or craft industry.

Write the products for each industry.

computers tinned tuna steel cement ice cream video games

TYPES OF INDUSTRY

Construction Food Technology

Remember

The secondary sector transforms raw materials into manufactured products . Jobs in factories, crafts and construction belong to the secondary sector .

A B C

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What type of service is it? Read and answer.

This activity consists of buying and selling products to and from other countries.

Write an example for each service.

Trade

Tourism

Public services Health services Educational services

What means of transport are there in your Autonomous Community or City?

Which ones do you use every day?

Remember

The tertiary sector provides services .

Services offer us such things as trade, health, education, tourism and transport .

The tertiary sector

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Complete the text.

Parliament

rights

Constitution

institutions referendum

obligations

The is the most important law in Spain . The Spanish people approved it in a in 1978 . The Constitution recognises the and

of the Spanish people and establishes the national . The most important institutions are the , the Government and the Courts of Justice .

Read the definitions and write the word.

The most important law in Spain . When all citizens vote on an important topic . A state where all citizens have the same rights and obligations .

The document in which a political party explains their ideas for government .

Elections for local councillors . Elections for members of parliament . 1

Remember

In a democratic state, all citizens have the same rights and obligations.

The Constitution, which defines these rights and obligations, is the most important

In document 120Juan Ramón Ferrer Lorenzo (página 72-78)

2. ANTECEDENTES BIBLIOGRÁFICOS

2.3. El modelo de negocio

15

Parts of plants

7

Remember

16

Remember

Plant nutrition

8

17

Plant reproduction

9

Remember

18

Remember

Rocks

10

19

Minerals

11

Remember

20

Remember

12 Soil

21

Remember

Ecosystems

13

22

Remember

Relationships in ecosystems

14

23

Protecting ecosystems

15

Remember

24

Remember

Matter and its properties

16

25

Changes in matter

17

Remember

26

Remember

Materials

18

27

Remember

Forces

19

28

Z ] [ ]

\

Remember

Energy

20

29

Remember

Uses of energy

21

30

Remember

22 The propagation of light

31

Remember

Light and colours

23

32

Remember

Municipalities and comarcas

24

33

Remember

Autonomous communities and provinces

34

Remember

12 ^Soil