El modelo de Solow con capital humano

COUNTRY OF CENSUS 1,2 BIRTH ' 19473 19543 19613 19663 1971 1976 1981 Australia 901.8 856.9 (per 830.7 mille) 819.1 797.8 799.3 793.94 UK and Eire England 50.3 53.2 53.0 59.0 66.0 64.5 61.0 Scotland 13.6 13.8 12.6 13.2 12.5 11.2 10.4 Ireland 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.6 Wales 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 North-west Europe Austria 1.2 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 Germany 1.9 7.3 10.4 9.4 8.7 7.9 7.6 Netherlands 5.8 9.7 8.6 7.8 6.8 6.6 Southern Europe Greece 1.6 2.9 7.4 12.1 12.6 11.3 10.1 Italy 4.4 13.3 21.7 23.1 22.7 20.7 18.9 Malta ... 2.2 3.7 4.8 4.2 4.1 3.9 Spain . . . • • • ... ... 1.2 1.1 1.0 Yugoslavia 2.5 4.7 6.2 10.2 10.6 10.2 Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. Czechoslovakia 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 Hungary 1.6 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.9 Latvia 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 ... Poland 6.3 5.7 5.3 4.7 4.1 4.1 Ukraine 1.6 1.3 2 5 } 1.0 ... • . • U.S.S.R. 1.5 1.5 2*5) 1.2 1.1 1.2 East Asia China ... 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.8 Hong Kong 1.1

Middle South Asia

India 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.3 2.8 2.9

Sri Lanka 1.1 1.2

Eastern South Asia

Vietnam ... ... ... • • • ... • . • 2.8

Malaysia ... • . • ... • • . 1.2 1.5 2.2

Philippines 1.1

Western South Asia (Middle East) Cyprus 1.0 1.6 1.6 Lebanon . . . • ... • . . 1.9 2.5 3.4 Turkey^ 1.4 1.7 North America Canada • . . . ... . . . 1.0 1.1 1.2 U.S.A. ... ... 1.0 1.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 (Cont)...

TABLE 5.3 (Cont.) COUNTRY OF BIRTH 1947 1954 CENSUS 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 Middle and South America Chile (per mille) 1.0 Africa Egypt • • • ... 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 South Africa 1.0 1.2 1.9 Oceania New Zealand 5.8 4.8 4.5 4.5 6.3 6.6 12.1

Papua New Guinea . . . 1.2 1.3

Other^ 12.0 12.5 13.4 12.4 15.3 17.8 18.6

TOTAL 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0 1000.0

TOTAL NO. ('000) 7579.4 8986.5 10508.2 11599.5 12755.6 13548.4 14576.3

... : not ethnically significant.

1. Countries are defined here as ethnically significant at censuses at which they comprised at least one per mille (or 0.1 per cent) of Australia's population.

2. Countries are defined as in Appendix Table.

3. Excludes full-blood Aboriginals in censuses to 1961. Full-blood Aboriginals are all assumed to have been born in Australia in 1966.

4. Includes persons who did not state their birthplace.

5. Despite Turkey's classification as part of Europe for immigration purposes from the late 1960s, it continues to be counted as part of Asia for

official statistical purposes.

6. Includes all ethnically insignificant countries at each census.

although remaining ahead of the Scottish-born. By 1966 the Greek-born almost equalled those from Scotland, while Yugoslavia's and Malta's shares continued to rise. On the other hand, low total net migration gains and even losses caused the German-and Dutch-born shares to fall, as many left to participate in the economic boom of their homelands (Chapters 2 and 4).

High total net migration gains from England at the end of the 1960s caused the share of population from that source to rise further by 1971. The Italian-born population's growth, however, continued to slow compared with earlier intercensal periods, so that its proportion fell, although it still maintained its relative position. The Greek-born outranked the Scottish-born by this time, while the increased intakes of Yugoslavs at the end of the 1960s caused them to outweigh the still declining Germans and Dutch. As well, upturns in arrivals from New Zealand and Ireland caused their shares to increase between 1966 and 1971. At this time also, the total net gains from other smaller source countries began to assume greater roles as Australia

looked further than before for immigrants regarded as suitable.

The lower settler arrivals of the early 1970s, greater settler losses and total net migration losses for various major birthplaces (Table 4.4) caused some consolidation by 1976 of the trends to 1971. Many of the major source countries from the earlier post-war years recorded smaller shares of Australia's population in 1976 than 1971. By contrast, the growing contributions noted in 1971 among more recent or increasing source countries, while generally far lower than those of the earlier major sources, rose further by 1976.

By 1981 the trends of the 1970s were even more firmly established, as virtually all of the ethnically significant countries in Europe, except Poland and the U.S.S.R., declined in relative importance after 1976. (Latvia and the Ukraine were no longer significant). Persons born in some of these countries did show numerical increases at this time, for example England,

Yugoslavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Poland and Malta, although those from other major ones decreased in size: Greece and Italy, because of total net migration losses and low gains, respectively, as settler losses continued

(Table 4.3). Yugoslavia therefore came to outrank Greece. Significant

countries outside Europe were widespread and continued to increase in number. New Zealand was far and away the most important of these and, in fact, at this time ranked only behind England and Italy, ahead of Scotland, Yugoslavia and Greece.

5.4.2 Period Of Residence Of The Overseas-born

Data on period of residence in Australia do not, in themselves, define ethnic origin. Rather, they give some indication of the possible strength of ties to the country of origin or to Australia of the overseas-born. When used in conjunction with birthplace data, they are able to show which links

individual birthplace categories are more likely to feel. These uses of the data complement those described in Chapter 3, in which persons in ethnic categories of shorter or longer periods of residence are likely to require greater or less assistance in settling into Australia or be eligible for certain benefits.

Table 5.4 describes the total overseas-born population from 1947 to 1966 and overseas-born residents in 1971 and 1976. It shows that immediately after World War II 85 per cent of the population born outside Australia had been resident here for over 15 years, so presumably few of them had no links with Australia. Within seven years this picture had changed markedly. By 1954 a

little over half the overseas-born population had arrived in the large post-war migration intakes. The effects of continuing high net migration gains meant

relatively even period of residence distributions over the post-war period to 1966 and declining proportions resident for longer periods.

The even higher net migration gains at the end of the 1960s meant an upturn by 1971 in the proportion of the total overseas-born resident only since the previous census date. By contrast, lower net gains during the early 1970s caused the 1976 proportion resident for less than five years to be smaller than that from the peak migration years at the end of the 1960s. In general, post-war immigration meant that by 1976, only 8 per cent born overseas had been resident from the Second World War or earlier

The information available on period of residence for the total population for a number of overseas birthplaces shows the rapid decline from the early post-war years in the dominance of pre-war settlers from the U.K. and Eire. However, only from 1971 were British persons resident since the previous census date more numerous than those from before 1947. The large influx of settlers from Italy during the 1954-61 intercensal period stood out at all later

censuses, while the increasing number of immigrants from outside Europe from the late 1960s caused them to be prominent from 1971.

5.4.3 Race

Despite the considerable attention given to including appropriate questions on race in Australian censuses noted in Chapter 3, race has not been a major

TABLE 5.4 OVERSEAS-BORN POPULATION1 BY PERIOD OF RESIDENCE : AUSTRALIA :