3. RESULTADOS
3.3 Análisis de las elecciones de Alcalde y de Concejo en el 2007
3.3.1 El programa de los principales candidatos a la Alcaldía de Bogotá
Within the construction industry, product designs differ from project to project (Bemelmans
et al., 2011). Given that, in each construction project, a ‘new’ product is developed, a
construction project can be compared to product development. Here, involving suppliers has a positive impact on the buyer’s performance (Vonderembse and Tracey, 1999) and, especially in the engineering phase of a development project, the involvement of suppliers leads to cost benefits (Clark, 1989). Unfortunately, suppliers usually manufacture to a buyer’s specifications (Bensaou, 1999).
As such, it can be concluded that collaboration with suppliers, and managing supplier relationships, is a necessity for prime contractors since the outcome and quality of a construction project depend on collaboration with and management of these suppliers. Recent literature (see, for example, Steinle and Schiele (2008) and Schiele (2010)) on buyer‐ supplier relationships has focussed on the role of a buyer having preferred customer status with a supplier and the benefits of having such a status, and consequently takes the supplier perspective into account.
5.2.1 PREFERRED CUSTOMER STATUS & COLLABORATION SATISFACTION
Antecedents of preferred customer status can help explain the conditions under which preferred customer status is likely to be awarded. Unfortunately, these antecedents remain largely unexplored in the current literature (Schiele et al., 2011b) although the recent literature does provide some ideas. Steinle and Schiele (2008) note some contextual factors, firstly, proximity between the buyer and seller is important: the smaller the distance the more likely preferred customer status will be awarded. Secondly, they state that, if the buyer has internal organizational weaknesses, preferred customer status is less likely to be awarded. Finally, they stress the influence of purchasing volume: the larger the purchasing volume the more likely that preferred customer status will be awarded.
Schiele et al. (2011b) comment that, according to various authors, having both a high level of customer attractiveness and a high level of supplier satisfaction help to ensure the prime commitment of capable suppliers (Christiansen and Maltz, 2002; Ellegaard et al., 2003; Essig and Amann, 2009; Mortensen et al., 2008; Nyaga et al., 2010). In their research on preferred customer status, Schiele et al. (2011b: pp.1329‐1331) define ‘customer attractiveness’ in the following terms: “a customer is perceived as attractive by a supplier, if the supplier is (a) aware of the existence of the customer and knows his relevant attributes and (b) has a positive expectation towards the relationship with him” and ‘supplier satisfaction’ as “a condition that appears if the quality of outcomes from a buyer‐supplier relation meet or exceed the supplier’s expectations”.
In terms of relationship development, the benefits of having preferred customer status are that the buyer and seller grow closer together: they will jointly reduce costs, the interaction between the two companies will intensify and the companies will become more similar. Overall, the supplier learns more about the buyer and its issues (Schiele, 2010).
Another relevant antecedent of preferred customer status for this research is the
relationship specific investments made by a supplier for a specific customer. If a supplier
makes these kinds of investments it will find itself, in terms of Bensaou (1999), either in a captive supplier situation (when only the supplier has made relationship specific investments) or in a partnership situation (both companies have made relationship specific investments).
Being a preferred customer also means that the supplier offers the buyer preferential
resource allocation, that is they dedicate their best personnel to the development and
customization of products in line with the buyer’s wishes, offer innovations (exclusive to them) and privileged treatment in terms of production capacity (Steinle and Schiele, 2008). Schiele et al. (2011a) adapted items from Ganesan (1994) to operationalize preferred customer status. With these adapted items, preferential treatment (in terms of making sacrifices for, caring about, in the event of shortages going out on a limb for, being on the side of and dedicating ones best resources for the customer) can be measured. On a more general level, if a supplier provides suggestions for innovation/improvement to a customer, such that the customer can save production/assembly time and/or costs, this can also be seen as an antecedent.
5.2.2 SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT
Following the antecedents described above, we believe that there exists an overlooked antecedent that enables contractors to obtain preferred customer status at their suppliers. This antecedent is similar to the ‘internal organization weakness’ contextual factor described by Steinle and Schiele (2008). A mature (i.e. professional) purchasing function contributes to the overall performance of a company (Schiele, 2007) and, focusing on supplier relationship management, this implies that a company should have the ability to formulate a purchasing policy: “to classify suppliers into various categories in order to focus attention on the most important suppliers, to set the correct priorities and to manage all suppliers according to their importance to the business” (Bemelmans et al., 2011: p.6) and overall to behave professionally towards a supplier. Moreover, if a contractor, from the perspective of a
supplier, is not perceived as mature, it is less likely that the contractor will be awarded
relationship management increases the likelihood of becoming a preferred customer of the supplier. 5.2.3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONCEPTS The concepts described in this section are related to each other in the following ways. Firstly, we expect that the maturity of a contractor in supplier relationship management, as
perceived by a supplier, impacts on the customer status of that contractor at the supplier. More specifically, the more mature a contractor is perceived to be by a supplier, the more likely it is that it will be awarded preferred customer status by that specific supplier.
Secondly, in this study, it is assumed that having preferred customer status at a supplier is beneficial for prime contractors. When it comes to collaboration with a supplier (who has awarded preferred customer status to the contractor), this will result in a higher level of satisfaction for the contractor. In other words, we expect that having preferred customer
status at a supplier impacts positively on the contractor’s satisfaction regarding collaboration with that supplier.
Finally, we expect there to be an implicit relationship between a contractor’s satisfaction
regarding collaboration with a supplier and the perceived maturity of this contractor by the supplier. If a contractor is satisfied with the collaboration, it is likely to behave in a more mature fashion towards the supplier, and this will result in the supplier perceiving a higher maturity level.
Combining the above results in the conceptual framework presented in Figure 11. This conceptual framework is the basis for this study, and the related research method is presented in the following section.
Preferred customer status of contractor at supplier Contractor’s collaboration satisfaction Contractor behaving more maturely towards supplier Recent relationship developments Relationship specific investments Preferential resource allocation and treatment Innovation / improvement suggestions Attractiveness and satisfaction Perceived maturity of contractor on ‘manage supplier relationships’ by supplier FIGURE 11: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
5.3 R
ESEARCH METHODIn order to investigate the conceptual relationships presented in Section 5.2, inductive qualitative case research is conducted. Since there are many variables of interest in this research, a case study approach is appropriate. By analysing the results, it becomes possible to compare an empirical pattern with a predicted theoretical one (Yin, 2009). According to Barratt et al. (2011), there are three key drivers that improve the methodological rigour and contributions of this type of research. First, one must justify the choice of case‐based research. Second, the unit of analysis must be clearly stated. Third, multiple cases should be employed to enable both within‐ and cross‐ case analyses. This study has followed these three pieces of advice as described in the remainder of this section.
First, in our study, the empirical research executed uses “contextually rich data from bounded real‐world settings” to investigate a focused phenomenon (Barratt et al., 2011: p.329). As noted by these authors, in this type of research one can, as we intend, explore
and better understand emerging, contemporary phenomena (Flynn et al., 1990; Meredith, 1998), and build and extend theories (Eisenhardt, 1989a; Yan and Gray, 1994).
Second, we research two cases. For each, representatives of three companies are interviewed; one supplier and two customers (i.e. prime contractors) of this supplier. This amounts to four dyadic matched‐pair inter‐organizational relationships being investigated. Each case started by selecting a large Dutch supplier with nationwide coverage and a diverse customer base. Since the Dutch construction industry can be divided into two primary subsectors (commercial and industrial building, and infrastructure), one supplier was selected from each. To select the two customers for each case, the supplier was asked to nominate its most liked (preferred) customer plus a regular customer (see Figure 12). In selecting this regular customer, the suppliers were asked to select a customer with which they did business and were willing to increase this business, but also one that they would not worry if they lost this business. In other words, to select a customer for which they have a ‘neutral feeling’. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with the representatives of the case companies during which all the subjects identified in Section 5.2 (see Table 12) were discussed. Supplier 1 – Commercial and industrial building Regular customer 1 Preferred customer 1 Contractor Supplier 2 – Infrastructure Regular customer 2 Preferred customer 2 Contractor FIGURE 12: CASE DESIGN Third, the following steps were executed for each case. Firstly, an interview was held with the supplier since the outcome of this interview determines which customers will be visited. The supplier was first asked to answer general questions to provide the context (see Table 12 – Part 1). Next, in the second part of the interview, the questions dealt with operational issues regarding the two relationships identified. Here, the various subjects of the ‘Manage supplier relationships’ construct created by Bemelmans et al. (2011) were discussed (see Table 12 – Part 2). From these answers, we could assess the maturity of the two contractors as perceived by the supplier. In the third and final part of the interview, the supplier answered questions concerning the collaboration with the two customers. In this part, subjects dealing with preferred customer status and collaboration satisfaction were discussed (see Table 12 – Part 3). These answers were used to check whether the anticipated
antecedents of preferred customer status were present for the preferred customer and lacking for the regular customer. Further, in terms of the regular customer, the supplier was asked what they would do differently if that customer would have preferred customer status.