El trauma compartido: el terror reactivo a escala colectiva

In Table 2.3 and Table 2.4, we have listed the most successful skaters on the four major tournaments. The tables contain the skater’s names, the number of victories, and the seasons of the victories. In the heading of the table also the number of times the tournaments are organized so far, is given. For example, since 1893, the men’s WACh are held 106 times. The first world champion allround was Jaap Eden, who won in total three world titles. Oscar Mathisen, Clas Thunberg and Sven Kramer all managed to win five times the WACh. Kramer won his last one in 2012, and in the near future we may expect that he becomes the first skater with six titles.

Most athletes use several Olympics to win more than three Olympic gold medals.

For example, it took Thunberg two Olympics (1924, 1928) to win his five gold medals.

Jevgeni Grisjin (1956, 1960, 1964) and Ivar Ballangrud (1928, 1932, 1936) even com-peted in three Olympic tournaments to win their four gold medals. Eric Heiden, however, collected his five medals during one Olympic tournament (1980) by win-ning all five distances.

Although the WAch and ECh are both held 106 times, the number of skaters who won the ECh three times or more is smaller than the ones with three or more world allround titles. This might be somewhat surprising because there is less competition during European championships, mainly due to the lack of North American and Asian skaters. Maybe top skaters are more eager to win WACh, which is always organized later on in the season.

The figures for women in Table 2.4 show that Gunda Niemann is the ’queen’ of the allround tournaments: she won both allround tournaments eight times. Most sprint titles, six in total, are won by Karin Enke, who also won five allround world titles. Lidia Skoblikova has the most Olympic titles; she won six gold medals during the first two Olympics for women.

Table 2.3 and Table 2.4 present the champions with the most victories. According to the criteria from Section 2.4.4, one may expect these skaters in the top of the USS-rankings.

Winners per country

Table 2.5 lists the number of podium places per counties for all tournaments except for the World Cups, both for men and women.

The figures of Table 2.5 show that Norway and the Netherlands have dominated

Table 2.3.Most victories, men

World Allround Championships, Men European Championships, Men Held since: 1893, 106x Held since: 1893, 106x

Name # Years Name # Years

Oscar Mathisen 5 1908, 1909, 1912-1914 Rintje Ritsma 6 1994-1996, 1998-2000 Clas Thunberg 5 1923, 1925, 1928-1930 Sven Kramer 5 2007-2010, 2012 Sven Kramer 5 2007-2010, 2012 Ivar Ballangrud 4 1929, 1930, 1933, 1936 Rintje Ritsma 4 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001 Clas Thunberg 4 1922, 1928, 1931, 1932 Ivar Ballangrud 4 1926, 1932, 1936, 1938 Hjalmar Andersen 3 1950, 1951, 1952 Hjalmar Andersen 3 1950, 1951, 1952 Rudolf Gundersen 3 1901, 1904, 1906 Jaap Eden 3 1893, 1895, 1896 Oscar Mathisen 3 1909, 1912, 1914 Eric Heiden 3 1977, 1978, 1979 Ard Schenk 3 1966, 1970, 1972 Johann Olav Koss 3 1990, 1991, 1994

Ard Schenk 3 1970, 1971, 1972 Michael Staksrud 3 1930, 1936, 1938

Olympic Winter Games, Men World Sprint Championships, Men

Held since: 1924, 21x Held since: 1970, 43x

Name # Years Name # Years

Eric Heiden 5 1980 Igor Zjelezovski 6 1985, 1986, 1989, 1991-1993

Clas Thunberg 5 1924, 1928 Eric Heiden 4 1977-1980

Ivar Ballangrud 4 1928, 1932, 1936 Jeremy Wotherspoon 4 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 Yevgeni Grisjin 4 1956, 1960, 1964 Kyou-Hyuk Lee 4 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Johann Olaf Koss 4 1992, 1994 Dan Jansen 2 1988, 1994

Hjalmar Andersen 3 1952 Sergej Klevtsjenja 2 1996, 1997 Tomas Gustafson 3 1984, 1988 Akira Kuroiwa 2 1983, 1987

Ard Schenk 3 1972 Valeri Muratov 2 1970, 1973

Erben Wennemars 2 2004, 2005

# = the number of titles

Table 2.4.Most victories, women

World Allround Championships, Women European Championships, Women Held since: 1947, 66x Held since: 1947, 66x

Name # Years Name # Years

Gunda Niemann 8 1991-1993, 1995-1999 Gunda Niemann 8 1989-1992, 1994-1996, 2001

Karin Enke 5 1982, 1984, 1986-1988 Anni Friesinger 5 2000, 2002-2005 Atje Keulen-Deelstra 4 1970, 1972-1974 Andrea Mitscherlich 5 1983, 1985-1988 Inga Artamonov 4 1957, 1958, 1962, 1965 Martina Sablikova 4 2007, 2010-2012

Atje Keulen-Deelstra 3 1972-1974 Olympic Winter Games, Women World Sprint Championships, Women

Held since: 1960, 14x Held since: 1970, 43x

Name # Years Name # Years

Lidia Skoblikova 6 1960, 1964 Karin Enke 6 1980, 1981, 1983-1987 Bonnie Blair 5 1988-1994 Monique Garbrecht 5 1991, 1999-2001, 2003 Claudia Pechstein 4 1994, 1998 & 2002 Bonnie Blair 3 1989, 1994, 1995

Karin Enke 3 1980, 1984 Sheila Young 3 1973, 1975, 1976

Yvonne van Gennip 3 1988 Gunda Niemann 3 1992, 1998 Marianne Timmer 3 1998, 2006

# = the number of titles

the allround men’s tournaments. In the period 1893-1952, Norway was superior. In that period, with 45 tournaments, 25 world titles and 24 European titles went to a Norwegian skater. During the last twenty years, the Netherlands has taken over the supremacy. From 1983 on, the European allround title went only six times to an-other country than the Netherlands, and fifteen of the last twenty World Allround Championships titles went to a Dutch skater. The Dutch superiority in the World Allround Championships was partly interrupted by the victories of the Americans in 2004-2006. The dominance of the Netherlands in the last decade is also visible in the figures of the World Single Distances Championships. This tournament was organized for the first time in 1996, and the Dutch male skaters won a total of 89 medals, including 36 golden, whereas the nearest competing country, the USA, has

Table 2.5.Victories per country

Olympic Winter Games World Allround Champ. World Sprint Champ.

Men Men Men

Country Gold Silver Bronze Total Name Gold Silver Bronze Total Name Gold Silver Bronze Total

NOR 24 28 26 78 NOR 36 30 30 96 USA 8 6 8 22

USA 20 13 7 40 NED 31 15 25 71 CAN 6 9 3 18

NED 15 21 20 56 FIN 9 10 3 22 RUS 6 2 0 8

URS 12 10 9 31 URS 8 13 10 31 KOR 6 3 2 11

SWE 7 4 5 16 USA 8 5 5 15 SOV 4 6 5 15

FIN 6 6 7 19 SWE 3 3 6 12 NED 4 3 9 16

Women Women Women

URS 12 7 10 29 URS 24 25 20 69 USA 10 12 7 29

NED 12 8 6 26 GER 12 12 5 29 GDR 10 6 3 19

USA 11 10 12 33 GDR 10 8 5 23 GER 8 3 5 16

GER 11 13 8 32 NED 10 7 15 32 URS 3 4 3 10

GDR 6 11 8 25 NOR 4 5 8 17 CHN 2 3 1 6

CAN 5 8 5 18 FIN 3 4 2 9 CAN 2 2 4 8

European Champ. World Single Dist. Champ.

Men Men

NOR 38 37 33 108 NED 36 29 24 89

NED 29 24 25 78 USA 10 4 9 23

SOV 10 7 8 25 NOR 7 9 5 21

SWE 10 3 8 21 JAP 7 6 5 18

FIN 7 9 6 22 CAN 6 9 10 25

RUS 5 1 5 11 ZKO 3 3 2 8

Women Women

GER 14 13 4 31 GER 36 29 14 79

GDR 8 6 5 19 CAN 12 9 17 380

NED 6 12 15 33 NED 11 17 15 43

URS 4 4 8 16 TSJ 5 3 0 7

TSJ 4 0 2 6 CHN 3 5 2 10

AUT 1 1 1 3 USA 1 2 5 8

to be satisfied with only twenty-three medals. In case of the World Sprint Cham-pionships the Americans and the Canadians have the lead. However, if the results of the former Soviet Union and Russia are combined, than this combination has the best sprinters.

The figures for women show a different pattern. Here the German skaters, and to a lesser extent the former Soviet skaters dominate the scene. The figures for the German women are even better if we combine the results of the former German Democratic Republic and West-Germany. The USA women have acted strongly at the World Sprint Championships and the Olympic Winter Games.