Los grupos interdisciplinarios como mecanismo articulado de saberes

In this section the output criteria from Section 2.4.4 are reviewed. Conclusions on the quality of the ranking lists with respect to the output criteria are hard to draw, mainly because the output criteria itself are not formulated as measurable indicators.

Our output criteria mainly serve as benchmarks for quality discussion. In the first part of Section 2.8.4 the ranking position of the Olympic champions is discussed.

The obvious expectation is that they are in the top of the lists. In the second part of Section , we analyze whether the highest ranked skaters are more or less uniformly distributed over the years. Finally, in the third part of Section a sub-ranking of Dutch skaters is analyzed and we test if it is consistent with the performances the skaters.

Olympic Champions

In Section 2.5 we presented the skaters with the most tournament victories and the most world records. Criterion OR 1 yields that we expect them in the top of the

USS-rankings. If Table 2.3 is compared with the ranking of the Overall discipline, we observe that almost all skaters with three or more allround world titles are present in the top 10 of the Overall list. Only Michael Staksrud not present there, he is ranked 18th in the men’s Overall. Erben Wennemars (16) and Akira Kuriowa (14) are the only skaters with more than two sprint titles, but not in the top 10 of the sprint ranking.

All Olympic Champions within the top 20 are typed bold in Tables A.1 through A.14. In Table 2.25 we list the percentage of Olympic champions that are either in the top 20, top 50, or not ranked. The Olympic Champions that are not ranked do not satisfy the tournament restrictions.

Table 2.25.Ranking position of Olympic champions

Distance Top 20 Top 50 Not possible to rank

Men Women Men Women Men Women

500m 50% (9) 81% (9) 66% (12) 81% (9) 33% (6) 19% (2) 1000m 70% (7) 66% (8) 90% (9) 75% (9) 10% (1) 25% (3) 1500m 52% (9) 92% (11) 100% (17) 100% (12) 0% (0) 0% (0)

3000m 82% (9) 100% (11) 0% (0)

5000m 83% (15) 100% (6) 94% (17) 100% (6) 6% (1) 0% (0)

10000m 68% (13) 89% (17) 6% (1)

MenTable 2.25 shows that on the 500m list nine of the eighteen Olympic winners are within the first twenty positions. The fact that 50% of the champions is absent can be explained as follow. The Olympic winners of 2002 and 2006, Casey FitzRandolph (39) and Joey Cheek (31), and the Olympic winner of 1994, Golubyov (46), have focused completely on the Olympics and did not perform well during the World Sprint Championships. However, they are still ranked within the top 50. The first five winners, namely Charles Jewtraw, Bernt Evensen, Jack Shea, Ivar Ballangrud, Finn Helgesen, and the winner of 1964, Terry McDermont, have no other results than this golden medal, since no sprint championships were organized before 1971.

In the top 20 of the 1000m seven of the ten Olympic champions are present. Two Olympic winners, Nikolay Guljajev(21) and Olaf Zinke (47), have relatively bad sprint championships performances, and the winner of 1998, Ids Postma, partici-pated only once in the World Sprint Championships.

Nine of the seventeen Olympic 1500m champions are ranked within the best twenty. The other eight, Gaetan Boucher (21), Sverre Farstad (24), Ants Antson (26), Charles Mathiesen (27), Enrico Fabris (30), Derrek Parra (31), Hjalmar Andersen (36), Andre Hoffmann (43), are ranked within the first fifty.

For the 5000m almost all Olympic champions are present within the first twenty.

Only three of the eighteen are not, namely Tomas Gustafson (30), Reidar Liaklev (33), and Irving Jaffee. The last one is not ranked at all, since no other results were found for this skater.

In the top twenty of the 10000m, thirteen of the nineteen winners are present.

Again, Jaffee is not ranked, because no other results were found. The other five Sigge Ericsson (22), Igor Malkov (27), Julius Skutnabb (34), Ake Seyffarth(38), Johnny

Hoglin (55) performed excellent on the Olympics but never repeated that perfor-mance during other tournaments.

For the male skaters we can conclude that at least 50% of the Olympic champions can be found within the top 20. It can also be seen that the top 3 of the 500m, the 1500m, the 5000m, and the 10000m consists of Olympic champions. The remaining ranked Olympic champions are all in the top 50.

WomenThe women skaters were active thirteen times during Olympic Games in the period 1955-2011. Nine of the eleven 500m winners are ranked within the first twenty skaters. The first two winners, Helga Haase and Lidia Skoblikova are not ranked, because only skaters with at least one participation at the World Sprint Championships are ranked and this tournament was not organized before 1970.

In the 1000m ranking eight of the twelve Olympic champions are ranked. Due to the same reason as above for 500m, the first three winners Klara Goeseva, Carry Geijssen and Lidia Skoblikova, are not ranked.

Only one of the twelve Olympic 1500m winners is not ranked within the first twenty skaters, namely the Dutch sprinter Marianne Timmer, who surprisingly beat all the allround skaters during the Olympics of 1998: She never repeated this success during World Cups or Single Distance Championships.

At the 3000m even nine of the eleven are ranked within the first ten skaters. The other two, Svetlana Bazhanova and Tatyana Averina, are ranked on the 29th and 30th position.

The Olympic 5000m for women is only held six times, and all five winners (Clau-dia Pechstein won three times) are ranked within the first ten. Also all number two are within this first ten.

For the female skaters we found that at least 66% of the Olympic champions are ranked within the top 20. For the 1500m, the 3000m, and the 5000m all Olympic champions are in the top 50.

Distribution of top skaters over the years

Criterion RO 2 (see Section 2.4.4) stated that top skaters from the ranking lists should be uniformly distributed over the years. Each decade has skaters who dominate and win most of the prices. The CAV5-values satisfy pre-condition 1 and so winners will get on average the same score. Therefore, we may expect that ’decade’ champions are in the top of the lists.

To verify this, histograms of the top 20 (black bars), top 50 (grey bars), and top 100 (white bars) of the seven disciplines are plotted; see Figure 2.18 and Figure 2.19.

The histograms show the percentages of skaters from each decade, present in the top 20, top 50 and top 100. The horizontal axis refers to the decades. On the vertical axis the percentage are given (0.2 refers to 20%). The year used for a skater is the season in which a skater has obtained his best score. For example, the first black bar of the 500m, men histogram shows that 35% (seven skaters) of the top 20 had their best season in the decade 1970-1980. For the top 50 and top 100 this decade is presented

for 30% and 24% of the 500m, respectively.

60−70 70−80 80−90 90−00 00−10 >2010

0

60−70 70−80 80−90 90−00 00−10 >2010

0

60−70 70−80 80−90 90−00 00−10 >2010

0

Figure 2.18.Distribution of top skaters over the seasons,

<1900 00−10 10−20 20−30 30−40 40−50 50−60 60−70 70−80 80−90 90−00 00−10 >2010 0

<1900 00−10 10−20 20−30 30−40 40−50 50−60 60−70 70−80 80−90 90−00 00−10 >2010 0

<1900 00−10 10−20 20−30 30−40 40−50 50−60 60−70 70−80 80−90 90−00 00−10 >2010 0

<1900 00−10 10−20 20−30 30−40 40−50 50−60 60−70 70−80 80−90 90−00 00−10 >2010 0

Figure 2.19.Distribution of top skaters over the seasons

Figure 2.18 shows that the top 20, top 50, and top 100 of the 1000m and the sprint discipline are uniformaly distributed. Of course, the last period, 2010-2011, is un-derrepresented, but all other four bars vary between 20% and 30%. For the 500m, the decade 1970-1980 is overrepresented, although one has to keep in mind that for the top 20 bars, a difference of 5% is equal to a difference of one skater. The figure shows that the period 1970-1980 delivers seven skaters to the top 20, and the period 2000-2010 only three skaters. This difference is also noticeable in the top 50 and top 100. We have two reasons for this phenomenon. First the introduction of the World

Sprint Championships in 1971, and secondly the short existence of the extra profes-sional tournaments in 1973 and 1974 (see Section 2.2.2). Skaters can only be ranked in the 500m list if they participated in World Sprint Championships and Olympic Games, meaning that all 500m skaters who participated in the Olympic games of 1964 and 1968 also need a season from after 1971. The 1000m does not have this problem, since it was introduced on the Olympics in 1976. The introduction of the professional sprint tournament led to the fact that there were two world sprint tour-naments in 1973 and 1974. On the other hand we can conclude that each of the four full decades have at least three skaters in the top 20.

The 1500m, 5000m, 10000m and the Overall histograms show more or less the same pattern. The bars of the first six decades (1890-1900 through 1950-1950) are all below the 10%, whereas the last six decades have all bars above the 10%. The main reason is that the participation level at the World Allround Championships and European Championships before 1950 was lower than during the decades after 1950 (see Section 2.3.5). Secondly, the period 1890-1950 faced two world wars in which no tournaments where organized. We know from Figure 2.4 that the participation level in 1890-1950 was almost half of that in 1951-2010, explaining the difference in number of skaters in the top 10, top 50 and top 100. However, with the exception of the 10000m, each decade still contains a black bar and is thereby present in the top 20 with at least one skater. This fact agrees with criteria RO 2.

The 10000m has no skater from before 1930 in the top 20. The 10000m is the

’most difficult’ distance, especially in the early years when the weather circum-stances could be very hard. Also, since in this period one could become allround champion by winning three distances, champions skipped the 10000m. The high peak in the period 1970-1980 is again due to the existence of the professional tourna-ments.

Since the bars of the top 50 and the top 100 in Figures 2.18 and 2.19 have, taking into account the number of active skaters per period, in all decades more or less the same height, we may conclude that each decade is represented in each list correctly.

Sub-selection

In this section we look at a subset from the final ranking and see if the ranking makes sense according to the best performances of the skaters on individual tournaments.

We study the first twenty-two Dutch skaters that are ranked on the 1500m list within the top 100. Based on the results in their best three years we discuss the relative rank-ing positions. In Table 2.26 the rankrank-ing position, the rankrank-ing score, Olympic results, the allround tournament results, and the World Single Distance Championships re-sults are presented.

Ard Schenk is the best Dutch 1500m skater. He won almost all 1500m in his best three years, and his score (0.37 better than the average top 5 result) is by far the best of all Dutch skaters. The Olympic champion of 1968, Kees Verkerk, is ranked be-low Ids Postma and Rintje Ritsma, who finished second and third respectively on

Table 2.26.Subranking of Dutch 1500m skaters

Name pos score OG WChM EChM WSDCh

Ard 1 -0.37 ’72 ’73 ’72 ’71 ’73 ’72 ’71 -

the Olympics. Verkerk has the disadvantage that in his Olympic year he was fifth on the World Championship Allround and ninth on the European Championships.

Mark Tuitert, the Olympic champion of 2010, is ranked between Postma and Ritsma.

Besides the Olympic victory, Tuitert only won the 1500m on the European Champi-onships in 2004. On the other three races he became second.

The sixth Dutch man, Jaap Eden, won three 1500m’s during World Allround Championships and is ranked just above above Wim van der Voort. The tourna-ment results of Postma, Tuitert, Ritsma, Verkerk, Eden, and Van der Voort do not differ much and also their final USS-ranking scores are almost the same. Ritsma and Postma have slightly better scores since they won their races with bigger leads.

Based on his Olympic result, the position of Erben Wennemars may look some-what high. He participated only once in an allround tournament, but satisfies the tournament restriction (see Table 2.22) due to his participation in the World Single

Distance Championships. Wennemars won two of these three races and, next to that, he often finished within the first five in World Cup 1500m’s.

Further down the ranking of Table 2.26, the Olympic performances become worse and less victories are observed at allround tournaments. Based on their Olympic re-sult, Frits Schalij and Hein Vergeer are relatively high ranked. Their 10th and 13th places on the Olympics are worse than the Olympic results of skaters below them in this ranking. They owe the higher ranking position to their 1500m allround perfor-mances.

From Table 2.26 we may conclude that the ranking scores and the ranking po-sitions of the Dutch skaters in the 1500m top 100 are as expected, if we look at the tournament results of these skaters in their best three years.