El uso de la fuerza en reuniones públicas

Electricity Market Operator

- Green Certificates Market Operator – legal person which assures Green Certificates trading and determines the prices on the Centralized Green Certificates Market, performing the functions established by the Regulation for organizing and functioning of the Green Certificates Market.

Suppliers - Suppliers are obliged to buy yearly a number of Green certificates equal with the mandatory quota multiplied with the amount of electricity sold yearly to their final consumers

TRANSELECTR ICA Transport and System Operator - TSO

- Monthly receives from the producers and the Network Operators where the producers are connected notifications concerning the quantities of electricity from RES delivered into the network.

• Monthly issues Green Certificates to producers for the quantity of E- RES produced and delivered into the network in the previous month.

¾ The price of Green Certificates varies in a range established by Government Decision, [ Pmin ÷ Pmax ]. The minimum price is imposed in order to protect the producers and the maximum price to protect the consumers.

►RESULTS

¾ Bucharest, November 16, 2005 - the first day of trading on the Centralized Green Certificates Market administered by OPCOM;

¾ Transaction results for the Centralized Market for Green Certificates in finfteen last months (Table 3):

Table 3. Transaction results for the Centralized Market for Green Certificates Transaction month Trade volume (Number of

Green Certificates*) Market Clearing Price (RON** /Certificate)

November 2005 289 165,00

December 2005 56 165,00

January 2006 5997 146,00

February 2006 899 165,00

March 2006 34 155,00

* 1 Green Certificate = 1Mwh (Price min = 24 Euro and Price max =42 Euro)

**1 RON = 0,2852 Euro =0,34302 Dolar (in december 2005)

►PREVISIONS

¾ For the period 2005-2012 the annual maximum and minimum value for Green Certificates trading is 24 Euro/certificate, respective 42 Euro/certificate, calculated at the exchange course established by the Romanian National Bank, for the last working day of the December of the previous year. ;

¾ Mandatory quota produced from renewable energy sources (E- RES ) until 2010-2012 (table no.4) - The yearly mandatory quota is established according to the target committed by Romanian Government in negotiation process of EU accession to, namely 33% E- RES in national electricity gross consumption, by 2010-2012.

Table 4. Mandatory quota produced from renewable energy sources (E- RES) until 2010-2012

Quota applied to electricity suppliers (%) Year

0,7 2005 2,22 2006 3,74 2007 5,26 2008 6,78 2009 8,3 2010-2012 4. CONCLUSIONS

Throughout the world, we need every energy source we can get. As one can see from the table 5 above, all energy sources have BOTH advantages AND disadvantages. Even with conservation efforts, energy demand has been and will continue to increase. Other factors can accelerate that increase, e.g. the proposed shift to electric cars to meet environmental air quality goals. In using each and every one of these forms of energy production, we need to make sure we conserve as much as we can so we leave sources for future generations. Energy suppliers need to ensure that they do not contribute to short and long-term environmental problems. Governments

Green Certificates – The Symbol Renewable Energy Sources … 89 need to ensure energy is generated safely to that neither people nor the environment are harmed.

To ensure that energy resources will be available for future generations, we need to take actions in the following areas:

- improve home and building designs to conserve energy and take advantage of passive renewable resources

- conduct research to ultimately lead to significant cost reductions for renewable energy sources

- design industrial parks for those energy-intensive industries that take advantage of cogeneration concepts

- ensure that power plants use cogeneration methods to minimize waste heat - develop uses for nuclear waste products

- significantly reduce use of those energy production methods that are major contributors to global warming, or develop technical solutions that curb releases of those materials that produce global warming

Every form of energy generation has advantages and disadvantages as shown in the table no.5 below.

Table 5. Advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources

Source Advantages Disadvantages

Coal Inexpensive

Easy to recover (in U.S. and Russia)

Requires expensive air pollution controls (e.g.

mercury, sulfur dioxide)

Significant contributor to acid rain and global warming

Requires extensive transportation system

Nuclear

Fuel is inexpensive

Energy generation is the most concentrated source

Waste is more compact than any source

Extensive scientific basis for the cycle

Easy to transport as new fuel

Requires larger capital cost because of emergency, containment, radioactive waste and storage systems

Requires resolution of the long-term high level waste storage issue in most countries Potential nuclear proliferation issue

Very limited source since depends on water elevation

Many dams available are currently exist Dam collapse usually leads to loss of life Dams have affected fish (e.g. salmon runs) Environmental damage for areas flooded (backed up) and downstream

Gas / Oil Good distribution system for current use levels

Easy to obtain

Better as space heating energy source

Very limited availability as shown by shortages during winters several years ago Could be major contributor to global warming Expensive for energy generation

Large price swings with supply and demand

Wind

Wind is free if available Good source for periodic water pumping demands of farms as used earlier in 1900's

Generation and maintenance costs have decreased. Wind is proving to be a reasonable cost renewable source.

Well suited to rural areas.

Need 3x the amount of installed generation to meet demand

Limited to windy areas.

Limited to small generator size; need many towers.

Need expensive energy storage (e.g. batteries) Highly climate dependent - wind can damage equipment during windstorms or not turn during still summer days.

Can affect endangered birds, however tower design can reduce impact.

Solar Sunlight is free when available

Limited to southern areas of U.S. and other sunny areas throughout the world

Does require special materials for mirrors/panels that can affect environment

Current technology requires large amounts of land for small amounts of energy generation Biomass

Industry in its infancy Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used

Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content Refuse

Based Fuel

Fuel can have low cost Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used Low sulfur dioxide emissions

Inefficient if small plants are used Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content Flyash can contain metals as cadmium and lead Contain dioxins and furans in air and ash releases Hydrogen Combines easily with oxygen

to produce water and energy

Very costly to produce

Takes more energy to produce hydrogen then energy that could be recovered.

Fusion

Hydrogen and tritium could be used as fuel source Higher energy output per unit mass than fission

Low radiation levels associated with process than fission-based reactors

Breakeven point has not been reached after ~40 years of expensive research and commercially available plants not expected for at least 35 years.

REFERENCES:

[1]. Ghicajanu, M. - Methods and procedures of managerial control process, Ph.D. Thesis, 2002

[2]. ***- Anre White Paper – Regulatory white paper for sustaining the liberalization and privatization processes in the electricity and heat sector; Performance Standard for the electricity supply service at regulated tariffs Approved by ANRE Decision no.

34/1999;

[3]. *** - Green Paper – Directive 2000/E.C.

[4]. *** - Annual Report 2004 - OPCOM - Romanian Power Market Operator

Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, 6 (2006), 91-96 91

EUROPEAN INTEGRATION – MACROECONOMIC