desconstitucionalización del Estado venezolano. (El permanente golpe de Estado de la Sala Constitucional)
II.- Interpretación Sistemática
Following the decision taken by the EU Council at Helsinki in 1999, i.e. to open negotiations for integration, Romania faces new and complex challenges in the economic and social fields for being able to meet the Conditions necessary to become a state member of the EU in 2007. In this spirit Romania has to do every effort to speed up the economic, social and political harmonization with the structures currently existing in the EU and to adjust, change and improve the legislative and institutional framework. The Romanian government has drawn up global and sectorial strategies additionally to a continuous monitoring process both at national level and at the EU Council. The integration in the EU structures has had a significant impact on the whole economic and social life. As it has been said in the previous chapters, in addition to the necessary sartorial adjustments, Romania has to implement a complex mechanism able to meet one of the most important UE goals: economic and social cohesion. This is because the social and economic cohesion represents the second domain if taking into consideration the budget expenses (Pascariu, 2002, p.19).
The transition in Romania is closely connected to the issues of the labor market. The continuous operation and improvement of the labor market represents a top priority of the transition towards the market economy. This target involves an adequate institutional framework to support the evolution of the national economy as a whole. The main expert institution is the National Employment Agency and the Country Employment Agencies which started its operation on January the 1st, 1999 and whose main purpose is the training of the unemployed people.
After an analysis of the Romanian labor market in these transition years, the following conclusions can be drawn out:
1. The structure of the labor market has been marked by the continuous pressure of the labor force over the demands; it has been continuously fed by the natural progress of the labor resources and by the proper operation of the labor market.
Obviously, this occurrence is not linear and displays a series of territorial particular aspects, depending on the economic structure, economic development as well on the current education level. The labor force has been suffering a continuous diminution because of the increased number of retired people and because the number of young people has diminished a lot.
Labour Market In Change 115 2. The employed workers have diminished in all the Romanian counties, especially in the field of the processing industry, followed by construction industry, transportation and tourism. It is envisaged that after adheration, Romania shall have around 50,000 working places available in these industries. The structural changes in these industries have been triggered by the application of the Land Law, by privatization and the creation of new working places in the private sector, especially in commerce and service delivery, with the diminution of activities in the industrial state-owned companies. A high rate of employment was recorded in the following domains:
commerce, public administration, finance and banking, service delivered to population.
The private sector has brought an important contribution to the alteration of the employment structure, this sector being the only employer. Most of the working places have been created by plc.
3. With respect to the salary, as an important factor which plays an influence an the resilience of the labor force demand on the labor market, the net average revenue situated between USD 62 (minimum value) in 1992 and over USD 200 (maximum value) in 2005.
4. The unemployment rate has kept a linear evolution, sometimes with peaks, as a result of the quantitative and of the qualitative unbalance between demand and offer for work.
The unemployment rate has had different values, ranging between 3% in 1991 and 11.8% in 1999. Table 1 shows the number of the unemployed workers valid for the whole country (according to the data provided by the National Employment Agency).
Table 1. The number of the unemployed workers[10]
Although unemployment touched all the categories, some have proved to be more sensitive, other tougher. After the analysis of the unemployed workers with the consideration a series of demographic characteristic features (sex, age, education, residence) and economic characteristic features (reasons for the unemployment, length of unemployment) a series of findings have been revealed, useful to trace the future policies on employment and fight against unemployment.
The most vulnerable category of labor force is the women – with an average of 47.0% of the total number of unemployed persons. There are several causes: some of them are related to the training level, some are connected to the attitude displayed by the managers of undertakings, and other causes are related to the high rigidity displayed by women compared to men labor force.
Year
By analyzing the age structure of the unemployed people, the following conclusions may be drawn out: - young people until their 30s represent the category with the highest unemployment rate. They come from among young graduates, persons which have been dismissed by state owned trading companies based on lesser professional experience or from among young men who couldn’t find another job after they completed their military service; - there is a high rate of unemployment among people older than 50 years, less willing to change their profession or residence, staying unemployed after the payment period is due.
In Romania, the significant aspects of the labor market are the following ones:
the labor market is in formation, with unbalances which result in an high unemployment rate and also the labor force is being used in an inefficient manner; a decreasing of the labor productivity and as a consequence: lower salaries; a large part of the population capable to work is not present on the labor market.
As a conclusion, all the institution which have a certain relation with the labor market have to cooperate with one another for the view to diminishing the unemployment rate and increase employment, to changing information and to cooperating for the benefit of the whole community. It is imperiously necessary to create a common plan regarding the development of the new labor force generation and the development of a suitable policy for improving the skills of the workers. Both the government and the institutions involved have to consider the major challenges related to the training of the people so as to get better paid jobs which need high skills and, at the same, challenges related to those left behind because of the rapid economic changes. As right rate employment represents the key component of the Lisbon agenda, Romania has also to take info consideration this aspect with a lot of implications in the social and economic life of the country.
REFERENCES:
[1]. Fiman - Măsuri active pentru combaterea şomajului, Editura Expert, Bucureşti, 1997.
[2]. Horn, C. - Mega-Treds in American Workforce, Columbus, Ohio, 2006.
[3]. Irimie, S.; Munteanu, R. - Managementul resurselor umane, Editura BREN, Bucureşti, Editura Edyro Press, Petroşani, 2004.
[4]. Maniac, E. - Şomajul, Editura Călăuza, Deva, 1998.
[5]. Pascariu, G. (coord.) - Impactul politicii de coeziune socială asupra dezvoltării economico-sociale la nivel regional în România. Proiectul Phare RO 9907-02-01 Studii de impact privind pre-aderarea, 2002.
[6]. Vonica Raduţiu, S. - Analiza comparativă a pieţei muncii în România, Uniunea Europeană şi ţările candidate, Sesiune de comunicări ştiinţifice, Institutul de Cercetare a Calităţii Vieţii, Academia Româna, Bucureşti, 2002.
[7]. Simionescu, A. ş.a. - Managementul resurselor umane, Editura AGIR, Bucureşti, 1999.
[8]. *** - Compendiu legislativ – Legislaţia din domeniul forţei de muncă şi şomajului – Ediţia a II-a Deva.
[9]. *** - Buletin informativ - Agenţia Judeţeană pentru Ocupare şi Formare Profesională Hunedoara (1998–2006).
[10]. www.anofm.ro
Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, 6 (2006), 117-122 117