Enfoque sociocultural

125 Austen, Ralph A.

Finding the historical Wangrin or the banality of virtue / Ralph A. Austen - In: Journal of West African History: (2015), vol. 1, no. 1, p. 37-58 : ill., tab.

ASC Subject Headings: French West Africa; Mali; novels; historical sources; office workers.

The hero of Amadou Hampâté Bâ's canonical book, 'L'étrange destin de Wangrin', was a historical figure. However, the rich, if incomplete, colonial records of this individual's career as an interpreter and clerk in French West Africa indicate that he was far less corrupt or heroic than the person depicted in what we now have to call a novel. This work makes use of real historical incidents but misplaces and distorts them, indicating that Hampâté Bâ was inspired as much by literary tropes as by empirical reality. The banal virtue of the historical Wangrin (and even that of his shadier rival, the interpreter Romo Sidebi/Moro Sidibé) also suggests a break between the incentives and opportunities for corruption in the 'classical'

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interwar colonial era and the late- and postcolonial conditions that have produced far more consequential patterns of African administrative malfeasance. Notes, ref., sum. in English and French. [Journal abstract]

126 Bellagamba, Alice

The bitter legacy : African slavery past and present / Alice Bellagamba, Sandra E. Greene, and Martin A. Klein, eds. ; with the collaboration of Carolyn Brown. - Princeton : Markus Wiener Publishers, cop. 2013. - VI, 221 p. : ill. ; 23 cm - Met gloss., noten.

ISBN 1558765492

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; Benin; Nigeria; Mali; Cameroon; Ghana; Gambia; Senegal; slavery; slave trade; memory; social history.

This collection of essays explores the ways that memories of African slavery and the slave trade persist into the present, as well as the effect those memories have in shaping political, social, economic, and religious behavior today. The authors use a variety of sources, interviews, proverbs, songs, religious art, newspaper articles, and children's stories, to illuminate not only how people remember the past but also how they struggle to liberate themselves from it. Contributions: Introduction: When the past shadows the present: the legacy in Africa of slavery and the slave trade (Alice Bellagamba, Sandra E. Greene, and Martin A. Klein); The struggle for political emancipation of slave descendants in contemporary Borgu, northern Benin (Eric Komlavi Hahonou); On remembering slavery in northern Igbo proverbial discourse (Damian U. Opata); To cut the rope from one's neck? manumission documents of slave descendants from central Malian Fulbe society (Lotte Pelckmans); Memories of slavery in a former slave-trading community: the Aro of the Bight of Biafra (G. Ugo Nwokeji); Tabula and Pa Jacob, two twentieth-century slave narratives from Cameroon (Zacharie Saha); Songs of sorrow, songs of triumph: memories of the slave trade among the Bulsa of Ghana (Emmanuel Saboro); Evoking the past through material culture: the Mami Tchamba shrine (Alessandra Brivio); Slave ancestry and religious discrimination in The Gambia (Alice Bellagamba and Martin A. Klein); Memories of slavery and the slave trade from Futa Toro, northern Senegal (Makhroufi Ousmane Traoré). [ASC Leiden abstract]

127 Benton, Adia

International political economy and the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak / Adia Benton and Kim Yi Dionne - In: African Studies Review: (2015), vol. 58, no. 1, p. 223-236 ; ill., krt.

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; Ebola; epidemics; health policy.

Analysts attribute the Ebola outbreak's severity to slow response by domestic and international decision makers and to the persistent poor health care conditions in Guinea,

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conditions are shaped by historical and contemporary contexts of international political economy. After providing a brief background on the epidemic and then setting the scene that led to the emergence of Ebola in West Africa in 2014, the authors document the response by domestic and international decision makers to the outbreak, identifying critical junctures in which domestic and international responses - in the forms of action and inaction - produced the current and rapidly evolving situation. They conclude by discussing policy implications of this response and potential directions for future research. Bibliogr., notes, ref. [Journal abstract]

128 Corniaux, Christian

Filières laitières et développement de l'élevage en Afrique de l'Ouest : l'essor des minilaiteries / sous la direction de Christian Corniaux, Guillaume Duteurtre et Cécile Broutin. - Paris : Karthala, 2014. - VI, 242 p., [8] p. pl. : ill., krt. ; 24 cm. - (Hommes et sociétés, ISSN 0290-6600) - Bibliogr.: p. [229]-242.

ISBN 2811113479

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; Burkina Faso; Mali; Niger; Senegal; dairy industry; milk; small enterprises.

En Afrique de l'Ouest, de grandes laiteries se sont implantées dans les capitales, mais sans investir de manière ambitieuse dans la collecte de lait local, et en utilisant surtout du lait en poudre importé. Pourtant, à côté de ces grandes industries, de nombreuses laiteries de petite taille s'appuient sur la collecte du lait local. En raison des nouveaux débouchés qu'elles représentent, ces minilaiteries ont été promues à partir de la fin des années 1990 par de nombreux projets de développements de l'élevage. Qu'en est-il aujourd'hui de ces petites entreprises laitières ? Sont-elles condamnées à disparaître face à la concurrence des grandes firmes internationales? Ou bien participent-elles au contraire à l'essor d'une agroindustrie rurale créatrice d'emplois, voire d'un nouvel "entrepreneurial social" ? L'analyse présentée dans cet ouvrage se concentre dans les quatre pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest ou les minilaiteries sont le plus implantées: le Burkina Faso, le Mali, le Niger et le Sénégal. L'ouvrage s'organise en trois chapitres. Le premier décrit le laitier ouest-africain, resitue les conditions d'émergence des petites entreprises laitière et propose une définition des minilaiteries. Le second chapitre analyse leur diversité, leur impact et met en lumière les facteurs déterminants de leur viabilité. Enfin, le troisième chapitre ouvre la réflexion sur les modèles de développement laitier qu'elles représentent. Il s'attarde notamment sur la voie du 'social business'. Un cahier de vingt études de cas, sur lesquelles s'appuient les analyses, complète l'ouvrage. [Résumé ASC Leiden]

129 Diob, Djibril

Face à l'équatation du financement du développement, les associations d'immigrés : la troisième voie? / Djibril Diob - In: Revue africaine: (2011), no. 5, p. 91-110 : graf.

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ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; Senegal; developing countries; capital movements; remittances; migrants.

Les envois d'argent des migrants vers les pays en développement (et notamment vers l'Afrique de l'Ouest et le Sénégal) attirent de plus en plus l'attention à cause de leur volume croissant et de leur impact pour les pays bénéficiaires. Outre l'importance de la masse d'argent drainée, ils constituent également une source d'entrée de devises très appréciable pour la balance des paiements de ces pays. Mais l'impact de ces transferts ne se limite pas seulement aux familles restées au pays. À travers tout un réseau d'associations, ces associations contribuent à la mise en place d'infrastructures et d'équipements collectifs dans leurs régions d'origine face aux carences des pouvoirs publics. Or, les conditions dans lesquelles s'opèrent ces transferts ne semblent pas optimales. Pour les rendre plus efficaces, des initiatives sont proposées, visant à mobiliser davantage cette épargne en faveur du développement. Néanmoins, face à la défaillance des États et l'échec des ONG, et autres acteurs pour la promotion du développement, les associations de migrants ne sont-elles pas la troisième voie à explorer pour lutter contre la pauvreté? Bibliogr., notes, réf., rés. en français (p. 170-171) et en anglais (p. 171). [Résumé extrait de la revue]

130 Kanté, Ahmadou Makhtar

Environnement, changement climatique et sécurité alimentaire en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre / sous la dir. de Ahmadou Makhtar Kanté. - Dakar : CODESRIA, cop. 2015. - VIIII, 164 p.

ISBN 9782869786066

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; Central Africa; environment; environmental management; climate change; food security.

Ce livre collectif est une compilation d'articles issus de la XIIIe Assemblée générale du CODESRIA, tenue en 2011. Sommaire: Introduction (Ahmadou Makhtar Kanté) - 1. L'impact des cuisinières solaires PCSA dans la conservation des équilibres écologiques et sociaux : cas de la commune de Ngaye Méckhé au Sénégal (Abibatou Banda Fall) - 2. Changements climatiques et droits humains fondamentaux : vers une climatopolitique anthropocentrée (Chrislain-Eric Kenfack) - 3. L'Afrique et la nourriture au XXIe siècle : consécration juridique, perspectives étroites ? (Patrick Juvet Lowé Gnintedem) - 4. Changements climatiques et sécurité alimentaire au Sahel : atouts et faiblesses de l'adaptation planifiée (Ahmadou Makhtar Kanté) - 5. La gestion des déchets plastiques à Kinshasa : un autre défi environnemental à relever dans la conception des villes durables (Jules Kassay Ngur-Ikone). [Résumé ASC Leiden].

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131 Kibiswa, Jason

L'Afrique en partage / Al'Mata, Jason Kibiswa, Odia... [et al.] ; [sous la direction de Christophe Cassiau-Haurie] ; avant-propos Christiane Falgayrettes-Leveau. - Paris [etc.] : Éditions Dapper [etc.], cop. 2014. - 103 p. ; 32 cm - Exposition 'Formes et Paroles', Gorée, Sénégal, 21 november 2014 - 29 mars 2015. - Met noten.

ISBN 2915258392

ASC Subject Headings: Benin; Democratic Republic of Congo; Senegal; social life; comic strips (form).

Cet ouvrage regroupe cinq bandes dessinées de cinq auteurs différents, issus du Bénin, de la République démocratique du Congo et du Sénégal. Ils ont en commun qu'ils ont mis en scène leur société avec ses problèmes et ses questionnements: comment s'affranchir du poids de l'histoire, que reste-t-il des valeurs traditionnelles dans un monde ouvert à la modernité? Cette publication est liée à l'exposition 'Formes et paroles', organisée par le Musée Dapper à Gorée, Sénégal, du 21 november 2014 - 29 mars 2015. Les cinq bandes dessinées sont suivi par une analyse de Christophe Cassiau-Haurie, qui situe chaque bédéiste dans l'univers de la bande dessinée africaine, donnant ainsi un aperçu de l'évolution de ce moyen d'expression. [Résumé ASC Leiden]

132 Marshall, Lydia Wilson

The archaeology of slavery : a comparative approach to captivity and coercion / ed. by Lydia Wilson Marshall. - Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press, 2015. - XI, 414 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. - (Occasional paper ; 41) - Met bibliogr., index, noten.

ISBN 080933397X

ASC Subject Headings: Gambia; Benin; Zanzibar; Mauritius; slave trade; slavery; social history.

This edited volume develops an interregional and cross-temporal framework for the interpretation of slavery. Contributors consider how to define slavery, identify it in the archaeological record, and study it as a diachronic process from enslavement to emancipation and beyond. Essays cover the potential material representations of slavery, slave owners' strategies of coercion and enslaved people's methods of resisting this coercion, and the legacies of slavery as confronted by formerly enslaved people and their descendants. Among the peoples, sites, and periods examined are slave habitation and trading centers in the Gambia, Benin's Hueda Kingdom in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, plantations in Zanzibar, and three fugitive slave sites on Mauritius. This essay collection seeks to analyse slavery as a process organized by larger economic and social forces with effects that can be both durable and wide-ranging. Contents: Introduction; The comparative archaeology of slavery (Lydia Wilson Marshall); Commodities or gifts? Captive/slaves in small-scale societies (Catherine M. Cameron); Bioarchaeological case studies of slavery, captivity, and other forms of exploitation (Ryan P. Harrod and Debra L.

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Martin); The nature of marginality: castle slaves and the Atlantic trade at San Domingo, the Gambia (Liza Gijanto); Nineteenth-century built landscape of plantation slavery in comparative perspective (Theresa A. Singleton); "The landscape cannot be said to be really perfect": a comparative investigation of plantation spatial organization on two British colonial sugar estates (Lynsey A. Bates); Blind spots in empire: plantation landscapes in early colonial Dominica (1763-1807) (Mark W. Hauser); Retentions, adaptations, and the need for social control within African and African American communities across the southern United States from 1770 to 1930 (Kenneth L. Brown); Cities, slavery, and rural ambivalence in precolonial Dahomey (J. Cameron Monroe); Slavery matters and materiality: Atlantic items, political processes, and the collapse of the Hueda Kingdom, Benin, West Africa (Neil L. Norman); The impact of slavery on the East African political economy and gender relationships (Chapurukha M. Kusimba); Maroon archaeological research in Mauritius and its possible implications in a global context (Amitava Chowdhury); Marronage and the politics of memory: fugitive slaves, interaction, and integration in nineteenth-century Kenya (Lydia Wilson Marshall); The Indian slave trade and Catawba history (Mary Elizabeth Fitts); Roman Columarium tombs and slave identities (Dorian Borbonus); Visible people, invisible slavery: plantation archaeology in East Africa (Sarah K. Croucher); A global perspective on maroon archaeology in Brazil (Lucio Menezes Ferreira); Fighting despair: challenges of a comparative, global framework for slavery studies (Christopher C. Fennell). [ASC Leiden abstract]

133 Onah, Emmanuel Ikechi

Trans-border ethnic solidarity and citizenship conflicts in some West and Central African states / Emmanuel Ikechi Onah - In: African Security Review: (2015), vol. 24, no. 1, p. 63 -74.

ASC Subject Headings: Central Africa; West Africa; ethnic groups; boundaries; citizenship.

This paper is a study of the phenomenon of trans-border ethnic relations and its impact on national integration and citizenship in the countries of West and Central Africa where trans-border ethnic groups exist. Despite the existence of many such groups in these regions, and the numerous problems associated with the continued relations among these groups across their countries of abode, the phenomenon has not been seriously studied, especially as it concerns the identification of members of such groups and how they are viewed by members of other ethnic groups, as citizens of one country or the other. This paper notes that trans-border ethnic solidarity ordinarily presents the relevant African states with two possibilities, namely: enormous benefits accruing from regional integration and cooperation among states harbouring fractions of trans-border ethnic groups; or, debilitating conflicts within and between these states. It is the reality of the latter possibility that this paper examines. The states and the international system are often incapable of containing

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ultimately manifesting in citizenship problems. The study shows, however, that what is needed is not conflict but cooperation - within and between states having fractions of a trans-border ethnic group, and within the international system, for the enhancement of national citizenship and development in West and Central Africa. Notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

134 Robertson, Claire

We must overcome : genealogy and evolution of female slavery in West Africa / Claire Robertson - In: Journal of West African History: (2015), vol. 1, no. 1, p. 59-92.

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; women; slavery.

Women's slavery continues in the contemporary world, especially in West Africa. This article seeks a history useful for abolishing contemporary slavery and reviews the evolution of scholarly perspectives on women and slavery in West Africa in order to determine the roots of contemporary slavery and put forms of contemporary slavery on the same analytical plane as historical ones. The literature on women and slavery in West Africa challenges much conventional wisdom about slavery by showing that lineage rather than chattel slavery was common; most slaves kept in West Africa were female (with local and temporal variations); the African demand for women slaves determined the skewed sex ratio in the Atlantic slave trade; women slaves were more highly valued than men because of their productive and reproductive functions; free and freed women were preeminent in owning and using women slaves; women slaves contributed to culture and identity formation in critical ways; for most women slaves, harems were more about domestic drudgery than sex; and the abolition of slavery failed for women slaves more than men for reasons relevant to the continuation of slavery for women and children in West Africa. Authoritarian family structures and colonialism subordinated West African women, and that subordination has been exacerbated by a world capitalist economy that continues the demand for slaves used in West Africa and elsewhere. If slave status historically has often been marked by race or ethnicity, contemporary slavery is gendered female in most societies. Notes, ref., sum. in English and French. [Journal abstract]

135 Robinson, David

Reflections on legitimation and pedagogy in the "Islamic revolutions" of West Africa on the frontiers of the Islamic world / David Robinson - In: Journal of West African History: (2015), vol. 1, no. 1, p. 119-132.

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; Islamization; jihads; Islamic movements; literature; 1700-1799; 1800-1899.

In an effort to create elements of comparability across reform movements at the frontiers of the Islamic world, this article examines issues of legitimation and pedagogy in the five

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widely reported movements of reform in the western and central Sudan in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Among the three most intentional efforts to legitimate reform and jihad, the "Muhammadan" form followed carefully by Uthman dan Fodio in Hausaland was the most successful and easily generalized. The author then turns to the issue of pedagogy and the development of vernacular literatures ('ajami') for the spread of Islam. The most widely developed were those of Sokoto, on the one hand, and Futa Jalon and, especially, Labe, on the other. These literatures of recitation enabled reformers to expand practice beyond the merchant and urban elites to reach the non- or less-literate people (e.g., slaves, women, and those in the rural areas generally) through recitation of poetry and narrative about Islam. At the end, the author suggests a possible alternative path to the creation of vernacular literature, in the marriage of griot skills to the use of Arabic. Notes, ref., sum. in English and French. [Journal abstract]

136 Shuaibu, Mohammed

Trade liberalization and intra-regional trade : a case of selected ECOWAS countries / Mohammed Shuaibu - In: African Development Review: (2015), vol. 27, no. 1, p. 27-40 : graf., tab.

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; ECOWAS; international trade; trade restrictions; economic models.

This paper conducts an empirical investigation of the relationship between trade liberalization and intra-ECOWAS trade in selected economies. Using system and difference generalized method of moments, findings show that trade liberalization has contributed to intra-regional trade in West Africa. The results also show that better institutional quality and infrastructure are associated with higher intra-ECOWAS trade. Furthermore, using fixed and random effect estimators the findings were validated, thus reinforcing support to the hypothesis that removal of trade restrictions particularly in the manufacturing and primary sectors, good governance and infrastructural developments enhance trade amongst ECOWAS countries. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

137 Sylla, Ndongo Samba

Les mouvements sociaux en Afrique de l'Ouest : entre les ravages du libéralisme économique et la promesse du libéralisme politique / Samba Sylla (dir.). - Paris : L'Harmattan, 2014. - 453 p. : krt., tab. ; 24 cm - Met bibliogr., noten.

ISBN 2296998623

ASC Subject Headings: West Africa; Sierra Leone; Ghana; Mauritania; Liberia; Côte d'Ivoire; Burkina Faso; Mali; Guinea-Bissau; Niger; Senegal; Cape Verde; Guinea; social change; social justice; democracy; action groups; student movements; protest; liberalism; State-society relationship.

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Le mécontentement vis-à-vis du libéralisme dans ses dimensions à la fois économique et politique est le ressort des nombreux soulèvements populaires et manifestations qui émaillent la vie politique de la région ouest-africaine. Malgré leur ambiguité et leurs limites, ces luttes s'inscrivent dans la perspective de mettre un terme à une double déconnexion: celle des citoyens et les "représentants" et celle entre l'économie et la société - entre ce que le Capital veut et ce à quoi les peuples aspirent. Des études sur les mouvements sociaux dans douze pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest sont rassemblées dans ce volume collectif. Première partie: Mouvements sociaux et libéralismes. Comprendre les mouvements sociaux dans la Sierra Leone contemporaine (Ibrahim Abdullah); Mobilisations collectives