CAPÍTULO 8 CÁLCULO DE ESFUERZOS PARA LAS COMPROBACIONES DEL
9.5 CONCLUSIONES
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
!
!
! !
!
'
'
' '
'
'
'
General'Principles'
A. International!Law!defined!
!
Traditional1 Modern1
Branch1of1public1law1w/c:1
Regulates1relations1of1States1&1of1other1entities1 granted1int’l1personality.11
[This1def’n1focuses1on1subjects1w/c1are1entities1 possessing:1
D1int’l1personality1&1
D1w/1rights1&1obligations1recognized1under1 international1law,1
As1against1objects)w/c1are1persons1or1things1in1w/c1 rights1are1held1&1oblig1assumed1by1the1subjects1of1int’l1 law]1111
1
Law1w/c1deals1w/:1
D1Conduct1of1States1&1int’l1org1 D1Their1relations1w/1each1other1
D1&1their1relations1w/1persons,1natural1or1juridical1
1
B. Basis!of!Int’l!Law!
!
Law!of!Nature!School! Possitivist!School! Ecletic!or!Groatian!School!
Dnatural1 &1 universal1 principle1 of1 right1&1wrong1
Dindependent1 of1 mutual1 intercourse/1 compact1 w/c1 can1 be1 discovered1 &1 recognized1 by1 every1 indiv.1through1the1use1of1his1reason1
&1conscience.1 1111
=Binding1force1of1int’l1law:1derived1 from1agreement1of1States1to1be1 bound1by1it.1
Dint’l1 law1 is1 not1 a1 law1 of1 subordination)but)coordination!
Dconforms1 to1 the1 dictates1 of1 right1 reason1
Dthe1 voluntary1 law1 may1 be1 said1 to1 blend1 w/1 the1 natural1 law1 &1 be1 an1 expression1of1it1
Din1case1of1conflict,1the1natural1law1 prevails,1 being1 the1 more1 fundamental1law!
!!
C. Public!International!Law!distinguished!from:!
!
Private!In’t!Law! Int’l!
Morality/Ethics! Int’l!Comity! Int’l!Diplomacy! Int’l!Admin.!Law!
A.1As1to1nature:1 Int’l1vs.1municipal1 B.1As1to1remedies:1 Int’l1modes1vs.1local1 tribunals1
C.1As1to1parties:1 Int’l1entities1vs.1 private1persons1 D.1As1to1
enforcement:1 Int’l1sanctions1vs.1 sheriff/1police1
Govern1relations1of1 States1from1the1 standpoint1of11 a.1Conscience11 b.1Morality1 c.1Justice11 d.1Humanity1
Rules1of1
politeness/courtesy1 observed1by1States1 in1their1relations1 w/other1States1
Dobjects1of:1 a)1int’l1policy1&1 b)1conduct1of1 foreign1affairs1
Regulates1relations1
&1activities1of:1 a)nat’l1&1 b)int’l1agencies1 w/respect1to1their:1 a)material1&1 b)intellectual1 interests1
w/c1have1received1 int’l1recognition1
1
D. Int’l!Law!as!true!law!!
!
1 Although1it1may1not1comply1w/John1Austin’s1concept1of1law,1i.e.,1enforced1by1sovereign1political1 authority,1nonetheless1it1is1still1a1true1law1
1
Application,)enforcement,)&)compliance.)
1 Absence1of1a1central1lawDmaking1authority1&1the1jurisdictional1defects,weaken1the1expectation1of1 compliance1in1comparison1w/1the1situation1in1the1domestic1plane.11
1 These1considerations1are,1however,1balanced1by1the1risk1of1political/1economic1retaliation1&1other1 sanctions1such1as1
a. adverse1public1opinion1 b. retorsions1
c. reprisals1
d. the1UN1machinery1
e. conviction1that1obedience1will1redound1to1the1public1good1 1
E. Relationship!w/!Municipal!Law!(ML)!
1
Monist! Dualist!
No1substantial1distinction1between1int’l1law1&1 municipal1law.1
(oo1eto1lang1to)1
ML1
D1 issued1 by1 a1 political1 superior1 for1 observance1 by1 those1 under1 its1 authority1
D1consists1of1enactments1 of1lawDmaking1authority11 1
D1 regulates1 relations1 of1 indiv.1among1themselves1 Dviolations1are1redressed1 through1 local1 judicial1 &1 administrative1processes11 Dbreaches1 entail1 indiv1 responsibility1
IL1
D1 not1 imposed1 but1 adopted1 by1 states1 as1 a1 common1rule1of1action1 D1 derived1 from1 such1 sources1as1int’l1customs,1 conventions1 or1 gen.1 principles1of1law11
Drelations1 between1 states1&1int’l1persons1 Dredressed1 through1 stateDtoDstate1
transactions1 1
1Dcollective1responsibility1
!
!
!
Doctrine!of!Incorporation! Doctrine!of!transformation!
Expressed1in1S21Art21“The1Phils.1Renounces1war1as1an1 instrument1of1national1policy,1adopts1the1generally1 accepted1principles1of1international1law1as1part1of1the1 law1of1the1land1&1adheres1to1thepolicy1of1peace…”1
Requires1the1enactment1by1the1legislative1body1of1 such1int’l1law1principles1as1are1sought1to1be1part1of1 municipal1law1
!
Conflict!between!International!Law!&!Municipal!Law!
1
On!the!domestic!sphere,!w/a!local!court!deciding! International!sphere,!w/an!int’l!tribunal!deciding!
a) if1conflict1is1w/Consti:1 uphold1Consti1
b) if1conflict1is1w/statute:1
doctrine)of)incorporation)decrees1that1rules1of1 int’l1law1are1given1equal1standing1w/,1but1not1 superior1to1national1legislative1enactments.1 A1treaty1may1repeal1a1statute1&1a1statute1may1 repeal1a1treaty;1thus,1the1principle1of1lex) posterior)derogate)priori,1that1w/c1comes1last1
International1law1is1superior1to1municipal1law,1 because1int’l1law1provides1the1standard1by1w/c1to1 determine1the1legality1of1a1State’s1conduct.1
in1time,1will1usually1be1upheld1by1the1 municipal1tribunal11
! F. Sources!of!Int’l!Law!
! 1
Domestic!sphere! International!Plane!
Constitution,1legislative1enactments,1&1case1law1(stare1
decisis).1 It’s1complicated1(hiyess!)1because1there1is1no1body1
likened1to1a1nat’l1legislature,1no1fundamental1law,1&1 the1doctrine1of1precedents1is1not1applicable.1
1
1 However,1most1authoritative1enumeration1is1found1in1Art.138,1Statute1of1the1Int’l1Court1of1Justice1w/c1 provides1that1the1Court,1whose1function1is1to1decide1in1accordance1w/1Int’l1Law1such1disputes1as1are1submitted1 to1it,1shall1apply:1
PRIMARY!SOURCES!1
1. International1Treaties1&1conventions1 1
The1Rome1Statute1 D Signed1July117,119981 D Effective1July11,120021
D Based1on1the11principle1of1complementarity1
D Made1Philippines1part1of1the1International1Criminal1Court.1It1is1a1modern1initiative1and1rather1 ambitious1because1an1individual1can1be1tried1therein1and1he1cannot1invoke1immunity.1
D No1Retroactivity1
D Gives1primacy1to1local1courts1 D No1Death1Penalty1
1
2. International1Customs1 1
D Prevailing1practice1
D Repeated1over1considerable1period1of1time1 D Opinio1Juris1
1
3. General1Principles1of1law1 1
D Natural1Law1
D Observed1and1Organized1 1
• To1these1may1be1added1the1principle1of1ex)aequo)et)bono)(what1is1good1&1just),1provided1that1the1 parties1to1the1dispute1agree1thereto,1as1provided1in1Art.)38)(1))Statute)of)the)International)Court)of) Justice)
)
) )
)
Interpretation)of)Art.)38)D)Although1the1provision1is1silent1on1the1question1of1whether1the131primary1sources1 have1the1same1hierarchic1value,1by1practice,1treaties1take1precedence1over1customs,1&1customs1over1general1 principles1of1law,1except:1
)
! The!principle!of!jus!cogens!–!1customary1int’l1law1w/c1w/c1has1a1status1of1peremptory1(absolute,1 uncompromising,1certain)1norm1of1int’l1law.11
!
! Peremptory!normD1accepted1&1recognized1by1int’l1community1of1states1as1a1rule1from1w/c1no1 derogation1is1permitted,1&1w/c1can1be1modified1only1by1a1subsequent1norm1having1the1same1character.1 1
1 Ex.1slave1trade,1piracy1&1terrorism1 11
SECONDARY!SOURCES!
1. Judicial1decisions1–1ICJ.1Whether1the1norm1has1been1accepted1as1a1rule1of1international1law.1 1
2. Writings1of1publicists1–1Fair1and1unbiased1representation1of1international1law1by1acknowledged1 authorities1in1the1field.1