Esmaltes plúmbicos y aplúmbicos

Huarache p r o d u c t i o n i n Sahuayo was p r o p e r l y e s t a b l i s h e d d u r i n g t h e p o r f i r i a t o . The w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e town had been s t e a d i l y d e n i e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r s u b s i s t e n c e p r o d u c t i o n s i n c e t h e m i d - e i g h t e e n t h

c e n t u r y as a v a i l a b l e l a n d was e n g u l f e d by t h e Guaracha h a c i e n d a . The p o o r had t h e r e f o r e t u r n e d t o a r t i s a n a l p r o d u c t i o n i n h o u s e h o l d

m a r k e t s . The e x p a n s i o n o f t h e urban economy, and t h e d e ve l o p m en t o f a r r i e r i a d u r i n g t h e p o r f i r i a t o . saw t h e emergence o f t r a d e n e t w o r k s c o n t r o l l e d by l o c a l e l i t e s . Household p r o d u c e r s were a b l e t o s u p p l y t h e t r a d e r s and a p a t t e r n o f v a r i e g a t e d a r t i s a n a l p r o d u c t i o n i n s ma l l wo rk s h op s had t a k e n r o o t by t h e end o f t h e 19t h c e n t u r y . E x t e n s i v e l i v e s t o c k r a i s i n g i n t h e r e g i o n e ns u re d a s u p p l y o f h i d e s w h i c h were p r o c e s s e d i n s ma l l t a n n e r i e s i n Sahuayo and o t h e r towns i n t h e r e g i o n , u s i n g n a t u r a l p r o d u c t s a v a i l a b l e l o c a l l y . T h i s had l e d t o t h e emergency o f s a d d l e r y and t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f l e a t h e r a r t i c l e s

i n c l u d i n g shoes and h u a r a c h e . Hi des were a l s o i m p o r t e d f r o m o t h e r r e g i o n a l c e n t r e s such as Uruapan i n t h e s o u t h and Zacapu t o t h e e a s t . M e r c h a n t and l a n d o w n i n g f a m i l i e s c o n t r o l l e d a l i m i t e d m a r k e t i n h i d e s and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s n e c e s s a r y f o r s a d d l e - m a k i n g and shoe p r o d u c t i o n . Some m e r c h an t s were a l s o i n v o l v e d i n shoe p r o d u c t i o n f o r m a r k e t s wh i ch u n t i l 1940 were l o c a l and r e g i o n a l . Huaraches were hand-made, p roduc ed i n h ou s e h o l d workshops and s o l d i n m a r k e t - p l a c e s i n s u r r o u n d i n g v i l l a g e s such as T i za p an and M a z a m i t l a t o t h e n o r t h w e s t , Q u i t u p a n t o t h e s o u t h and La Barca on t h e n o r t h e a s t s i d e o f t h e Laguna de Chapala (see F i g u r e 2 ) . Some p r o d u c e r s a l s o s u p p l i e d peons w o r k i n g on t h e Guaracha h a c i e n d a . P r o d u c t i o n was non -mec h ani ze d and each i n d i v i d u a l p r o d u c e r owned t h e t o o l s n e c e s s a r y f o r p r o d u c t i o n .

I n t h e e a r l y days l o c a l t a n n i n g f a m i l i e s t u r n e d t o p r o d u c t i o n o f s a d d l e w e a r and hua ra ch e f o r r e g i o n a l c o n s u m p t i o n , s u p p l y i n g d o m e s t i c p r o d u c e r s w i t h t o o l s and m a t e r i a l s when demand f o r h ua ra ch es exceeded t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e i r own w o r k s h op s . D u r i n g t h e 1940s hua ra ch e

p r o d u c t i o n i n Sahuayo e x p e r i e n c e d a r a p i d t h r u s t o f e x p a n s i o n . D u r i n g t h e Second Worl d War i m p o r t s f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d e c l i n e d and i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n f o r n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s expanded. I n G u a d a l a j a r a e n t r e p r e n e u r s were a b l e t o c o n s o l i d a t e and expand t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f goods, such as shoes and t e x t i l e s , f o r n a t i o n a l

c o n s u m p t i o n ( A r i a s 1986, Lai I s o n 1 98 6) . From t h e end o f t h e 1920s t h e r e had been s t e a d y g r o w t h o f shoe p r o d u c t i o n i n h o u s e h o l d w o r k s h o p s , g i v e n a c o n t e x t o f p o l i t i c a l s t a b i l i t y , a bundant l a b o u r and e f f e c t i v e r oad and

r a i l l i n k s t o n a t i o n a l n e t w o r k s . Wi t h t h e o n s e t o f w a r , shoe p r o d u c e r s t o o k a dv a nt ag e o f i n c r e a s e d demand and b e n e f i t e d f r o m t h e g e n e r a l p r o c e s s o f e x p a n s i o n . For huarache p r o d u c e r s a huge a d d i t i o n a l b o o s t e r came i n t h e f o r m o f mas s iv e o r d e r s f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r heavy d u t y hua ra c he s f o r t r o o p s s t a t i o n e d i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a ( A r i a s o p . c i t and f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n ) . The demand f o r h uarache e x te n d e d t o Sahuayo, where some h a l f a dozen t a n n i n g and h u a r a c h e - p r o d u c i n g f a m i l i e s o r g a n i z e d and c o n t r o l l e d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f numerous h o u s e h o l d w o r k s h o p s . From 1940 t o t h e m id - 1 9 5 0 s p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e sahuavo m o de l, o r h ua r ac h e c o l o r a d o

(because i t was s t a i n e d r e d) was t h e s o u r c e o f income f o r hun dr eds o f Sahuayan f a m i l i e s .

One member o f a s a d d l e m a k e r ' s f a m i l y d e s c r i b e d how hua ra ch e p r o d u c t i o n t o o k o f f d u r i n g t h e e a r l y 1940s:

"My f a t h e r had many s a d d l e r i e s h e r e , a b o u t 50 and t h e y were a l l p r o d u c i n g s a d d l e s . He began s e l l i n g goods t o t h e s o n - i n - l aw o f t h e s e c r e t a r i o de h ac i e n d a i n Mexi co C i t y . When

O r l e y , t h e A m e r i c a n , a r r i v e d he knew t h a t my f a t h e r c o u l d p r odu ce goods i n q u a n t i t y . My f a t h e r s e t t o work f o r m i n g many s ma l l w o r k s h o p s . To a l l t h o s e who were w i l l i n g he t o o k m a t e r i a l s he had b r o u g h t f r o m Uruapan, Zacapu, f r o m w h e r e v e r t h e r e were t a n n e r i e s . My s i s t e r was i n c h a r g e o f b u y i n g and s e l l i n g , she and my b r o t h e r Manuel . But a l l my b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s were w o r k i n g h er e i n one way o r a n o t h e r , t h e r e were s ma l l workshops e v e r y w h e r e . They b r o u g h t some p e s p u n t a d o r a s ( se wi ng machi nes) f r o m G u a d a l a j a r a and a l l t h e h ua r ac h e was sewn h e r e . My s i s t e r s s l e p t two o r t h r e e h ou r s a n i g h t because t h e y f i n i s h e d work between one and two i n t h e m o r n i n g and a t f o u r , f i v e , s i x , t h e y had t o b e g i n a g a i n . Ever y week we s e n t O r l e y more t h a n 5 , 0 0 0 p a i r s . Everyone d e l i v e r e d t h e i r huarache on F r i d a y s , because on S a t u r d a y we s e n t them a l l t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , we s e n t them t o Nuevo Lar edo on t h e b o r d e r " .

A f t e r t h e end o f t h e war h uarac he p r o d u c t i o n i n G u a d a l a j a r a d e c l i n e d r a p i d l y . I n f o r m a n t s who had worked as h u a r a c h e r o s d u r i n g t h e