Estudio del efecto de las concentraciones de los óxidos de calcio y de circonio

Huarache p r o d u c t i o n grew and expanded c o n s i d e r a b l y between 1940 and 1960. From t h e b e g i n n i n g p r o d u c t i o n had been o r g a n i z e d around

s u b c o n t r a c t i n g and by 1960 t h e r e was a m y r i a d o f h o u s e h o l d wo rk s hop s engaged i n p r o d u c t i o n f o r r e g i o n a l , n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s . The demise o f t h e sombrero f a c t o r y i n 1959 had done much t o r e i n f o r c e e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l a n t a go n i s m t o w ar d f a c t o r y o r g a n i z a t i o n and t h e p e r i l s o f o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r ; and t h i s h i s t o r y c o n t i n u e d t o have an e n d u r i n g

i n f l u e n c e on t h e f or ms and p r a c t i c e s o f p r o d u c t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e t o w n . W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e huarache i n d u s t r y , a f t e r 1960 n a t i o n a l and r e g i o n a l economic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a l s o s e r v e d t o f u r t h e r deepen and c o n s o l i d a t e an a l r e a d y w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d s t r u c t u r e o f p r o d u c t i v e

r e l a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e huar ache s e c t o r and t o f a v o u r t h e r e t e n t i o n o f a l a b o u r - i n t e n s i v e p r o c es s o f p r o d u c t i o n based on p u t t i n g o u t and d o m e s t i c 1a b o u r . F i r s t o f a l l , d u r i n g t h e e a r l y y e a r s o f t h e 1960s a r t i s a n a l p r o d u c t i o n o f l e a t h e r i n t h e r e g i o n d e c l i n e d . The d ev e l o p m e n t o f shoe p r o d u c t i o n i n G u a d a l a j a r a had p r o v i d e d t h e i m p e t u s f o r a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t h e t a n n i n g p r o c e s s , w hi c h was i n d u s t r i a l i z e d , w i t h t h e h i d e s b e i n g p r o c e s s e d u s i n g c h em ic al s u b s t a n c e s . The t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a f f e c t e d t h e

q u a l i t y and v a r i e t y o f l e a t h e r a v a i l a b l e t o shoe and s andal p r o d u c e r s and , i n i t i a l l y a t l e a s t , dec rea se d c o s t s . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d many h o u s e h o l d t a n n e r i e s i n t h e r e g i o n o f Los A l t o s de J a l m i c h f o l d e d and t r a d e i n l e a t h e r h i d e s moved i n t o t h e hands o f w h o l e s a l e r s i n

G u a d a l a j a r a . The e x p a n d i n g shoe i n d u s t r y i n G u a d a l a j a r a a l s o gave r i s e t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a range o f o t h e r i n p u t s , such as p r e f a b r i c a t e d s o l e s ( o f c r e p e and foam r u b b e r ) , h e e l s , v a r n i s h e s , s t a i n s , t h r e a d , g l u e and so o n. As sandal p r o d u c t i o n i n Sahuayo i n c r e a s i n g l y c a t e r e d t o

t o u r i s t m a r k e t s s e e k i n g a t t r a c t i v e and c a r e f u l l y - f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s , a need a r o s e f o r r e t a i l o u t l e t s where h o u s eh ol d p r o d u c e r s w i t h l i t t l e d i s p o s a b l e c a p i t a l c o u l d p ur cha se s ma ll q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e i n p u t s t h e y r e q u i r e d f o r p r o d u c t i o n .

The i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t a n n i n g and t h e emergence o f m a r k e t s f o r a ra nge o f i n d u s t r i a l l y - p r o d u c e d i n p u t s c r e a t e d new o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r Sahuayan e n t r e p r e n e u r s i n v o l v e d i n h uarac he p r o d u c t i o n . S i g n i f i c a n t l y , t h e y a c t e d t o push such e n t r e p r e n e u r s away f r o m d i r e c t i n v o l v e m e n t i n p r o d u c t i o n and t o w a r d a more i n t e r m e d i a r y r o l e . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d b ot h Luna and T r u j i l l o used c a p i t a l d e r i v e d f r o m e x p o r t i n g s a n d a l s t o move i n t o t h e s phe re o f s u p p l y , e s t a b l i s h i n g p e l e t e r i a s - l e a t h e r s t o r e s - w h i c h a l s o t r a d e d i n a w i de r ange o f s e c on d a r y p r o d u c t s used f o r sandal p r o d u c t i o n . The Luna f a m i l y had moved t h e i r t a n n e r y t o G u a d a l a j a r a d u r i n g t h e e a r l y 1960s, where i t was i n d u s t r i a l i z e d and me c ha n i z e d . E n r i q u e Luna opened a p e l e t e r i a i n 1967, w h i c h was s u p p l i e d i n p a r t f r o m h i s own t a n n e r y . By 1980 t h e Lunas had ceased t o p r o du c e h ua r ac h e

a l t o g e t h e r and were i n v o l v e d i n s u b c o n t r a c t i n g on a s p o r a d i c , i r r e g u l a r b a s i s . Don Jesus e s t a b l i s h e d a p e l e t e r i a i n 1962 and a l s o moved t o e s t a b l i s h c o n t r o l o v e r p r o d u c t i o n o f l e a t h e r i n a number o f u rban

c e n t r e s i n t h e r e g i o n / * By 1985 Don Jesus owned t h e b i g g e s t p e l e t e r i a i n

I n h i s own w o r d s : " I more o r l e s s p ro du c e t h e l e a t h e r . I buy raw h i d e s and send them t o t a n n e r i e s i n t h e r e g i o n . I have t h r e e s u p p l i e r s who s e l l me a l l t h e i r h i d e s , I e i t h e r buy them b l e e d i n g , o r I s a l t them m y s e l f - I have my own s a l t i n g b a t h s . I advance money t o t h e

s l a u g h t e r e r s t o o . I s e l l t h e m e r ch a n d i s e f r o m t h e p e l e t e r i a t o c l i e n t s i n La B a r c a , Jamay, O c o t l a n , P o n z i t l a n , C h ap al a , J o c o p o t e c . I even

Sahuayo and c o n t r o l l e d t h e s i n g l e l a r g e s t volume o f p r o d u c t i o n ( 5 , 0 0 0 p a i r s o f s a n d a l s w e e k l y ) , o r g a n i z e d t h r o u g h s u b c o n t r a c t i n g t o some 20 m a q u i 1 as o r dependent w o r k s h o p s . Both e n t r e p r e n e u r s had t a k e n a d v a n t a g e o f f a v o u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g t h e p o s t - w a r p e r i o d t o expand h u a ra c he p r o d u c t i o n f o r r e g i o n a l and n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s . Both p l a y e d a key r o l e i n c a p i t a l i z i n g t h e i n d u s t r y , p r o v i d i n g c r e d i t , m a t e r i a l s and t o o l s f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a h o s t o f h ou s eh ol d t a l 1e r e s . t h e s u r v i v a l o f w h i c h depended upon a c o n t i n u o u s s u p p l y o f c r e d i t . As i m p o r t a n t , was t h e c r e a t i o n o f n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s f o r t y p i c a l l y Mexican " f o l k " a r t i c l e s f o r t o u r i s t c o n s u m p t i o n . A n a t i o n a l s t a t e s t r a t e g y f o r t h e d ev el op men t o f a Mexican t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y , i n w hi c h t h e p r o m o t i o n o f a r t i s a n a l p r o d u c t i o n i n r u r a l zones