ESQUEMAS MENTALES SUSCEPTIBLES DE ABUSO ESTRATÉGICO

(likely with inclusion of specimens of Octomenus glabriculus) Habitus and colouration: Shown in Fig. 90.

Polymorphism: Males differ from females by having setal differentiations on the forehead (but not in the features of the anterocephalic edge, forehead concavity, and pronotum). With regard to these sexually dimorphic features some variation was observed in the males

102 (number of setae, see below). It is unclear, however, whether there is fluent transition or whether two classes are present that allow to distinguish high and low males.

Head capsule: Forehead above anterocephalic edge in both sexes evenly slightly convex (Fig. 91A−C); in female without differentiations (Fig. Fig. 91D−F); in male with a pair of upper (far above the anterocephalic edge) and a pair of lower differentiations (shortly above the mesal part of the anterocephalic edge) that each consist of one to several setae much longer than the other setae of the head (if several setae, these are densely spaced);

differentiations not associated with bulges (Fig. 91A−F). Anterocephalic edge similar in the two sexes, very low, interrupted around middle (above base of labrum), without anterocephalic projections (Fig. 91A,D) and without parts that show a denser spacing of setae than on parts of head following dorsally.

Antenna: 8 antennomeres, with 3 funiculomeres and 3 clavomeres (Fig. 91G). 2^nd funiculomere 58‒65% of length of 1^st (note that this ratio cannot be reasonably compared with that in species having 4 or 5 funiculomeres!). 2^nd clavomere ca. 85‒100% of length of 1^st clavomere. Clavomeres clearly with alternate narrow and wide distances between sensillifers (Fig. 91H). Each clavomere with setae sparsely distributed over basal half of clavomere, not at all forming a ring at the level of the proximal borders of the sensillifers. Terminal clavomere with 4 compound sensilla, 3 at same level, 1 of them in an apical position. In some specimens both the clavomere bodies and the necks at their base appear strongly elongate;

this might represent some interesting intrspecific variation (untypical for the Ciidae species here reported), or be indication for the sample to comprise two different species.

Pronotum: Midline in both sexes not grooved, without an asetose and apunctate ribbon (Fig.

91A,B). Surface evenly rounded, no wide, shallow moulds or low bulges. Lateral carinae invisible from above for their entire lengths, carinal setae like others of pronotum (Fig.

91A,D). In lateral view (Fig. 92C,D), anterolateral corners broadly rounded, without an angle and not projecting anteriorly; posterolateral corners a bit more broadly rounded than anterolateral corners. Anterior margin (Fig. 91A,D) in both sexes evenly convex and without anterior expansions and special groups of setae.

Prosternum: altogether transversely grooved (holoconcave), not tumid medially; short (PSW/PSL = 5.2); anterior margin without a transverse bead; asetose except for anterior margin. Ventral surface of prosternal process moderately wide and planar along its entire length, narrowed in middle third, widened in distal third. (Fig. 92E,F).

Scutellum: Short-triangular, posterior end quite pointed (Fig. 93J,K).

Tibia and tarsus: Dorsal edge of male and female protibia (Fig. 92G−K) moderately widened in distal half, forming a long curve slowly ascending proximally (with a slight concavity) and steeply descending towards apex of tibia (convex throughout), with rounded and fluent continuation into apical rim of tibia (thus no tooth or angle on dorsal tibial apex).

Dorsal armature consisting of a fairly long row of stout, multiply grooved spines (Fig. 92G,I);

beginning at ca. 50% of tibia length (proximal spines widely spaced and with transitions to setae continuing the row further proximally); no denticles. Dorsal armature continues fluently into coronal armature, with gradual transition to setae in its further course. Tarsomeres covered with numerous long setae.

Abdominal fovea: Male with a fovea (Fig. 93L,M) that is entirely overfolded by a long, tongue-shaped projection arising from the area anterior to it; posteriorly demarcated by a curved transverse bead; laterally the foveal area is not bordered; in a lateral view, the fovea shows a densely porous structure of the cuticle, but no setae are visible [longitudinal fovea diameter: not applicable to this type of fovea]. Female lacking any trace of a fovea (no fold and no pores), but a lateral view shows that the posterior part of the corresponding area is slightly elevated, reminding of the posterior bead of the male (Fig. 93N,O).

103 Punctuation and setation: Similar on pronotum (Fig. 93Q) and elytra (Fig. 93R,S): Single punctuation, punctures limited to deep insertion of seta (though the funnel-shaped surroundings of most punctures could be interpreted as a poorly developed, non-margined puncture trough), very small, not margined. On anteromedian part of the elytra, punctures discrete and normal in part of the specimens (Fig. 90D,G), but strong and confluent in others (creating a wide rugose area, Fig. 90A; a feature considered to separate O. rugosopunctatus from O. glabriculus). On pronotum, each puncture with a seta, which is rather uniformly short, quite slender, quite appressed, and not denticulate. On elytra, few punctures (especially on posterior slope) with a very long seta, which is erect, ranging from slender to wide and flat (punctures of such setae usually have a bulge beside the seta base); many punctures with a small (similar in size as pronotal ones) to very small seta, which is thin and quite appressed;

some punctures apparently without setae. Elytral punctuation irregular, but part of the very large setae approximately arranged in distant rows. Elytral setae thus highly variable, and indistinctly forming two size classes (very large versus smaller). Based on the diversity of setae and especially the presence of bulges beside large setae the elytra could alternatively be interpreted as showing a specific type of dual punctation. Pronotal surface additionally with distinct microfield structuring, elytral surface without. Humeral bulge essentially apunctate and asetose.

Measurements and ratios: TL = 1.2 – 1.8 mm; PL/PW = 0.9, EL/EW = 1.45, EL/PL = 1.7, GD/TL = 0.42, GD/EW = 0.9, TL/EW = 1.7, FL/CL = 0.55.

Male genitalia: Penis subquadrate, wide, and quite parallel-sided, apex shape not clear (due to membranous parts). Tegmen overall conical, entire (median lobe undivided; lateral lobes absent); median lobe tongue-shaped and apically widely rounded, not forming claspers or bulges. Sternite 8 simply rounded posteriorly (Fig. 93A–E).

Female terminalia: Gonocoxae short and reduced, likely bipartite (border between joints not clearly observed); at base no transverse baculum visible. Gonostyli likely absent. Paraproctal baculi about as long as gonocoxae. Spiculum ventrale slightly longer than paraprocts, gonocoxae, and gonostyli together, posterior fork indistinct at the narrow base (Fig. 93F–H).

Distribution and altitudinal range: Octotemnus rugosopunctatus was found at 48 localities along the entire Caspian Sea southern coast and in all the eastern part of the Alborz beyond the Caspian Sea (Gilan, Mazandaran, and Golistan provinces, but not in the small extension into North Khorasan; Fig. 117). Octotemnus rugosopunctatus was found at a wide range of elevations from -22 to 1705 m a.s.l. Specimen numbers were moderate to high in most localities, occasionally low or very high.

Fungus host range: Octotemnus rugosopunctatus was found in a very wide range of host fungi (22 species, the highest number found in this study; Table 2). Most prominent are species of Trametes: Trametes gibbosa (17 localities), Trametes versicolor, Trametes villosa (15 localities each), Trametes ochracea (12 localities), and Trametes hirsuta (6 localities);

Trametes pubescens (3 localities). less so Trametes betulina, (2 localities). Fomes fomentarius (12 localities) was also quite prominent. Ganoderma applanatum and Fomitopsis betulina followed (4 localities each). In 3 localities the species was found in Bjerkandera adusta, Ganoderma lucidum; in 2 localities each it was found in Ganoderma resinaceum and;

and in only 1 locality each it was found in Trichaptum biforme, Phellinus ribis, Stereum hirsutum, Stereum subtomentosum, Daedaleopsis confragosa, Ganoderma australe, Heterobasidion annosum, and Laetiporus sulphureus. Octotemnus rugosopunctatus was the only Ciidae species found in Laetiporus sulphureus, but only in a single instance, and this was a small population of the species.

Seasonal occurrence: see Table 3.

Taxonomic remarks: Most of the specimens agree with the description of Octotemnus rugosopunctatus, especially by the shape of the male genitalia (only examined in few

104 specimens) and the rugose anteromedian part of the elytra. In others this part of the elytra is not at all rugose, thereby complying with the description of Octotemnus glabriculus. It could not be studied in the frame of this work to what extent these elytral conditions are discrete or connected by intermediates.