Estabilidad de los antocianos durante el proceso de secado

Twenty-five documents were identified during the search. Two of these documents presented information on the same project, in which case information was aggregated from both documents. Nine documents described multiple projects within; seven of these documents presented a “lessons learnt” or “project challenges” section with no distinction between each individual project, but rather an overview of all the projects. They did however describe specific details on the implementation of these separate projects. Overall, from the 25 documents, 69 projects were discussed. As such, the following section provides an overview of the 69 projects according to: implementing agency, geographic location, sectoral focus, and climate change impact being addressed (Table 3).

The spread of projects was predominantly in Asia, followed by both Africa and Central and South America, with the Pacific Islands coming in last. The dominant sector that projects focused on was by far agriculture and/or food security. This finding mirrors a study of climate change adaptation projects implemented globally where agriculture was found to dominate as the sectoral focus (McGray, Hammill and Bradley 2007). Further, agriculture was the dominant sectoral focus across geographic regions of Africa (92.3% of all projects in Africa), Asia (68.6%), and South and Central America (53.8%). In the Pacific Islands, both agriculture (50%) and coastal protection (50%) were the main focus. This could be attributed to the geography of Pacific Islands, being highly exposed to sea-level rise and weather events such as cyclones and storm surges, making them particularly susceptible to coastal pressures (Nunn 2009).

Table 3: Overview of projects according to implementing agency, geographic location, sector, and climate change impact being addressed.

Overall variable Categories Percent

Implementing agency Multilateral agency 49.3

Non-governmental organisation 26.1

Climate change impact being addressed Changes in rainfall patterns 53.6

Drought 33.3

Changing rainfall patterns was the most common climate change impact that projects were addressing, identified in over half of projects, followed by droughts, a rise in temperatures and extreme weather events. Across geographic location changing rainfall patterns was the primary focus in Africa (61.5% of all projects in Africa), South and Central America (46.2%), and Asia (45.7%), while in the Pacific Islands changing rainfall patterns was of equal focus with extreme weather events (both 87.5%). The focus on extreme weather events in the Pacific Islands was substantially higher than other regions (Africa = 30.8%, Central and South America

= 38.5%, Asia = 14.3%). This finding is consistent in that Pacific Island nations experience high levels of exposure to extreme weather events (Nunn 2009), and as such is unsurprising that it has a disproportionately higher focus than in other regions.

The majority of projects (49.3%) identified in the analysis were implemented through a multilateral agency. The average time frame for projects (88% of documents provided a time frame) was 2.9 years with an average yearly budget (48% of documents provided a budget) of approximately US$300,000. It should be noted that the project time could be influenced as projects that are still in progress were not included in this study, thus excluding projects that

are maintained on-the-ground for numerous years. These findings are very similar to a review of implementing partners across the Pacific Islands where the average project timeframe was identified as 3.23 years (McNamara 2013). McNamara (2013) further found the average budget to be ||US$ 1,135,914, which when averaged across the average lifespan (3.23 years) of projects was roughly US$350,000, which is comparable to the US $300,000 identified in this study.

The types of activities implemented in projects varied with each project using a combination of the following activities as presented in Table 4. These activities are: capacity building and training; natural resource management practices; new agriculture techniques; awareness raising; infrastructure; technology; targeting marginalised groups; planning and policy;

establishing management groups; livelihood diversification; early warning systems; and financial schemes.

Table 4: A list of the activities implemented in projects, along with a description of each and the percent of projects that used them.

Implements new practices to manage natural resources (e.g. water, land, protected areas, fisheries etc.)

67 New agricultural techniques Includes new techniques or methods for agriculture (e.g.

composting, crop rotations etc.)

51 Awareness raising Provides stakeholders with information on climate change, the

impacts of climate change, or the environment more broadly.

38 Infrastructure Constructs new, or refurbishes existing infrastructure (e.g. roads,

canals, sea walls etc.)

38 Technology Implements a new technology (e.g. irrigation, communications,

drought resistant seeds etc.)

35 Targeting marginalised

groups

Specifically targets vulnerable or marginalised groups within activities

33 Planning and policy Creates a new policy or planning scheme, or integrates project

outcomes into an existing policy or plan

28 Establishing management

groups

Establishes community groups to oversee and manage project interventions

28 Livelihood diversification Promotes and assists in establishing alternative livelihood strategies

for communities

19

Early warning systems Implements early warning systems 13

Financial schemes Provides financial assistance schemes (e.g. loans, insurance etc.) 6

A review by McGray, Hammill, and Bradley (2007) of 135 climate change adaptation projects, implemented at all levels from community to multi-national, identified the altering of natural resource management practices was the most common activity, followed by building institutions, in which training and capacity building mechanisms are imbedded. This finding is mirrored here, with capacity building and natural resource management practices equally the most commonly used activity (both 67%). Both studies identified financial mechanisms as the least commonly used activity.

Across implementing partners, NGOs implemented projects focused on targeting vulnerable people more than other implementing partners, with 55.6% of NGOs incorporating this in the project compared to 23.5% of multilateral agencies and 29.4% of research institutes and government agencies. NGOs also reported the implementation of more activities within projects with 5.6 activities per project as opposed to 3.8 from multilateral agencies and 3.5 from research institutes and government agencies. Additionally, NGOs implemented substantially more “soft” adaptation measures, such as a raising awareness (61.1%) and capacity building and training (94.4%) than multilateral agencies (35.3% and 52.9%

respectively), and research institutes and government agencies (17.6% and 64.7%

respectively).