Optimización de otras variables

We used an iterative process comprising three major steps. First, a set of project criteria was established. Second, a search was undertaken to find appropriate CBA projects, as defined by the criteria. Third, a qualitative content analysis using Nvivo 11 software was undertaken to identify themes and storylines related to barriers to CBA, which were then analysed.

2.2.1 Project Criteria

A set of five project criteria was established. First, in identifying relevant grey literature, project documentation must have “community-based” AND “adaptation” in the title or included in the

executive summary, abstract or project description. Second, these CBA projects must have been implemented in the Global South, in alignment with the Spires, Shackleton and Cundill (2014) review. This criterion was also used as countries in the Global South are generally those most exposed and vulnerable to climate change impacts. Third, the timeframe for CBA projects must have been within the last ten years (2006–2016) to keep a relevant scope for the search and subsequent analysis. Fourth, these CBA projects need to have “sufficient” online documentation (reports, summaries etc.) about project outcomes and/or lessons learnt so as to allow for meaningful analysis. The researchers’ discretion was used when identifying

“sufficient” information and was largely based on the document providing a “lessons learnt”

or “project challenges” section. Fifth, the project document had to be available in English.

2.2.2 Document Search

An online search for grey literature on CBA projects was undertaken between September-October 2016. The search focused on international, multilateral and bilateral development organisations and agencies. This search included relevant United Nations (UN) agencies, NGOs, Climate Change Adaptation Funds, bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, and development institutes. The search term (“community-based” AND “adaptation”) was used in websites when undertaking searches. In some instances, document searches resulted in thousands of hits. In such cases, the first 100 links were searched. A Google search was also undertaken, with the addition of “project” in the search term (“community-based” AND “adaptation” AND

“project”) to pick up any projects that may have been missed. The addition of “project” was used to further define and narrow the outputs. The top 200 links were searched.

Searches were subject to variation based on the layout of each website. In some cases, instead of using search terms, links were followed to find projects. Many searches led to other portals and databases by following links. In addition, an email was sent out to the Pacific Island Climate Change and Development Community, facilitated by the United Nations Develop Programme (UNDP), requesting members to provide access to project reports. This was done as the initial scope of the project was to be focused in the Pacific region although, because of difficulty in sourcing a sufficient number of projects, the scope was expanded to a global analysis. In total, over 100 websites were searched (a full list can be found in Table 2) with 25 documents meeting all the above criteria and as such included in the grey literature review.

Table 2: Full list of the websites searched to find CBA project documents.

The primary reasons for project rejection were: project reports were discussion or technical papers rather than referencing an actual project; presented a personal anecdote or experience in a project and thus not providing sufficient information on the whole of project results;

projects were ongoing and consequently did not have a sufficient level of results presented;

no or insufficient documentation of project results; duplicate reports from separate websites;

Multilateral Agencies and Donors (n=21)

United Nations Development Program, United Nations Environment Program, United Nations Framework for Climate Change, World Bank, World Food Program, Food and Agricultural Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Australian Aid (DFAT), US Aid, UK Department for International Development, Irish Aid, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Austrian Development Agency, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, GIZ, Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Taiwan Aid, Chinese Aid, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, United Nations Children's Fund

Climate Change Adaptation Funding Bodies (n=16)

Adaptation Fund, Adaptation For Smallholder Agricultural Program, Biocarbon Fund, Global Environment Facility, Least Developed Country Fund, Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund, Green Climate Fund, Global Climate Change Alliance, Millennium Development Goal Fund, Pilot Program For Climate Resilience, Special Climate Adaptation Fund, Strategic Climate Fund, Strategic Priority On Adaptation, Germany’s International Climate Initiative, UK’s International Climate Fund, Nordic Development Fund

International Non-Governmental Organisations (n=71)

Oxfam International (and a number of country offices including America, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa), CARE International (and a number of country offices including Australia, Canada, India, UK, USA), International Committee of The Red Cross, International Federation of Redcross and Red Crescent Societies, Tearfund, The Nature Conservancy, Amnesty International, World Wildlife Fund, ActionAid International (and a number of country offices including Afghanistan, Australia, Arab region, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, DRC, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, India, Haiti, Indonesia, Ireland, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, UK, USA, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Live and Learn, Caritas International (and a number of country and regional websites including Africa, Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, North America, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga), International Union for the Conservation of Nature

Research Institutes and Networks (n=13)

Center for International Climate and Environment Research, Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security, Global Framework For Climate Services, International Institute for Environment and Development, Eldis, Adaptation Learning Mechanism, International Development Research Centre, Stockholm Environment Institute, Africa Adapt , The Pacific Community, Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, United Nations University

and vulnerability assessments or pilot projects to develop adaptation actions rather than reporting on the actual implementation of them.

2.2.3 Analysis of Projects

Project reports were transferred into Nvivo 11 software and a qualitative content analysis undertaken. Qualitative content analysis allows for themes to be identified that represent similar meanings through examining and interpreting large amounts of text (Hsieh and Shannon 2005). These themes can be both explicit, as stated in the text, or inferred (Hsieh and Shannon 2005). This was identified as the most appropriate approach to understand and group common themes within the grey literature.

The first step involved using a content analysis where the researcher delved into the reports without any framework to dictate which themes would be found, but rather let these emerge from the data (Hsieh and Shannon 2005). The next step involved creating separate categories within each of these themes. The themes and categories generated were then compared against existing literature leading to minor changes to make them relatable. This resulted in different yet comparable findings. This process was deemed appropriate as it allowed themes to flow from the data while at the same time building on existing information to scale up the lessons established from previous research.

2.2.4 Limitations

The online document search encountered limitations. First, the likelihood that reports were missed as searches did not include individual Government websites, small in-country NGOs and community based organisations is evident. These were not included as it would have presented a challenge outside the scope of this research in identifying the vast and extensive number of local groups and government departments at all scales in the Global South that could be responsible for implementing CBA projects. In addition, as only reports in English were used in the analysis it would have created a biased sample size as many local government websites (and subsequent reports) are in other languages. The second limitation relates to the quantity of relevant information that exists within discussion papers and reports within the grey literature. These reports were not included in this analysis as they were not evaluating specific projects. Third, as reports were often written by the organisations that implemented projects, the potential for positive bias is evident with the risk of under-representation of

barriers faced and even the potential failure or maladaptation of projects. Finally, the lack of access to project reports held internally within organisations is a further, significant limitation.