4. IDEARIO DEL ESTABLECIMIENTO
4.13 ESTRATEGIAS METODOLOGICAS QUE SE DESARROLLARAN EN LA UNIDAD EDUCATIVA
Note: Detailed diagrams are available as .png files, and this table is available as an Excel file.
Name Description
A4 Data and Information Management Services
Software and or services that support management of government data and information and the alignment with standards, quality initiatives, good practice accessibility, etc. This includes the development, execution and supervision of plans, policies, programmes and practices that control, protect, deliver and enhance the value of data and information assets.
A4.01 Data and Information Architecture
Software and or services that support data and information architecture which is composed of models, policies, rules or standards that govern which data is collected, and how it is stored, arranged, integrated, and put to use in data systems and in organisations. Data and Information is one of the architecture dimensions that form the pillars of an enterprise architecture or solution architecture
A4.01.01 Data and Information Categorisation
Software and or services that supports the creation and maintenance of relationships between data entities, naming standards and categorisation and allows classification of data and information into specific layers or types to support an organisation.
A4.01.02 Data and Information Modelling
Software and or services to support data and information modelling to define and analyse data requirements needed to support the business.
A4.01.03 Data Representation Languages
Software languages used for data representation, such as XML, JSOW, SDL, GSML and other markup languages.
A4.01.04 Metadata Management
Software that supports the maintenance and administration of data that describes data.
A4.02 Data and Information Interoperability
Software and services that support data and information interoperability.
Interoperability is the ability of making systems and organisations work together (inter-operate) to allow for information exchange,
A4.02.01 Data and Information Catalogue
Software and or services that support the cataloguing of data and information assets.
A4.02.02 Data Extraction, Transformation and Loading
Software that supports the extraction of data from a data source, the manipulation and change of data to a different format and the population of data destination with the transformed data.
A4 Data and Information Management Services A4 Data and Information Management ServicesA4 Data and Information Management Services A4 Data and Information Management Services A4.02 Data and Information
A4.02 Data and InformationA4.02 Data and Information A4.02 Data and Information A4.07 Additional Data and Information
A4.07 Additional Data and Information A4.07 Additional Data and Information A4.07 Additional Data and Information Services A4.03 Data and Records Governance
A4.03 Data and Records GovernanceA4.03 Data and Records Governance A4.03 Data and Records Governance A4.01 Data and Information
A4.05 Data Protection A4.06 Database ManagementA4.06 Database ManagementA4.06 Database ManagementA4.06 Database Management
A4.09 Content Management System A4.09 Content Management System A4.09 Content Management System A4.09 Content Management System
A4 Data and Information Management Services A4 Data and Information Management ServicesA4 Data and Information Management Services A4 Data and Information Management Services
A4.07 Additional Data and Information A4.07 Additional Data and Information A4.07 Additional Data and Information A4.07 Additional Data and Information Services
A4.02 Data and InformationA4.02 Data and Information A4.02 Data and Information A4.03 Data and Records Governance
A4.03 Data and Records GovernanceA4.03 Data and Records Governance A4.03 Data and Records Governance A4.01 Data and Information
A4.05 Data Protection A4.06 Database ManagementA4.06 Database ManagementA4.06 Database ManagementA4.06 Database Management
A4.09 Content Management System A4.09 Content Management System A4.09 Content Management System A4.09 Content Management System
A4.02.03 Data Integration and Exchange
Software services that enable elements of distributed business applications to interoperate and the software development necessary to facilitate such integration. These elements can share function, content, and communications across heterogeneous computing environments. Includes data import and export between systems and or services.
A4.02.04 Data Mapping Software that supports the process of creating data element mappings between two distinct data models. Data mapping is used as a first step for a wide variety of data integration tasks.
A4.02.05 Metadata Extraction Software and or services that support metadata extraction. It includes:
- Automatically extracts preservation-related metadata from digital files.
- Output metadata in a standard format (XML) for use in preservation activities.
Can be used for preservation data processes and activities, resource discovery and other.
A4.02.06 Records Linking / Association
Software and or services that support the correlation between logical data and information sets.
A4.03 Data and Records Governance
Software and or services that supports data and records governance. Data governance encompasses the people, processes, and information technology required to create a consistent and proper handling of an organisation's data across the business enterprise. It is a set of processes that ensures that important data assets are formally managed throughout the enterprise. Data governance ensures that data can be trusted and that people can be made accountable for any adverse event that happens because of low data quality. It is about putting people in charge of fixing and preventing issues with data so that the enterprise can become more efficient. Data governance also describes an evolutionary process for a company, altering the company’s way of thinking and setting up the processes to handle information so that it may be utilised by the entire organisation. It’s about using technology when necessary in many forms to help aid the process.
Note: Note: In New Zealand (Australia and Canada) we have a view that something is inherently a record because it provides evidence of a transaction;
therefore almost all content including data and documents are also records.
However most software has been developed to support the US model where records only becomes records only after someone or some process has formally declared them to be a record.
Note: "Data Quality Management" can be part of "Data Governance".
A4.03.01 Data Lifecycle Management
Software and or services that support a policy-based approach to managing the flow of an information system's data throughout its life cycle: from creation and initial storage to the time when it becomes obsolete and is deleted.
A4.03.02 Master Data Management
Software and or services that supports a set of processes and tools that consistently define and manage the non-transactional data entities of an organisation, which may include reference data. It has the objective of providing processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating, quality-assuring, and distributing such data throughout an organisation to ensure consistency and control in the ongoing maintenance and application use of this information.
A4.03.03 Records Disposal Software and or services that supports the process of records disposal. In records management there are five possible disposal outcomes under the NZ Public Records Act 2005 Subsection 20:
- Destruction.
- Transfer to another government agency.
- Transfer to Archives NZ for long term preservation and availability.
- Discharge to another entity, e.g. another government department.
- Sale.
Disposal supports these steps:
> Step 1 - A record becomes inactive because a passive or active trigger:
- No person or mechanism is continuing to alter it – we observe the lack of activity, and after a period of time we conclude that it is inactive.
- A later version has been created and/or a record has been superseded and this record should No longer be in current use.
- In some cases a person or mechanism closes/finalises the record to prevent any further changes to the content and to some attributes.
> Step 2 - The record is retained for a period of time after last alteration. This period could be seconds (keep the sent data packet until recipient
acknowledges receipt) through to decades.
> Step 3 - The record disposal action occurs – destruction or transfer to an archival authority, discharge.
A4.03.03.01 Records Transfer to Chief Archivist
Software and or services that support the transfer of control of the record to the chief archivist. This may, or may not, involve transfer of the actual records.
Note: In records management the term 'archival' is not a proxy for storage.
A4.03.03.02 Records Destruction Software and or services that supports the destruction of records.
A4.03.03.03 Records Discharge Software and or services that supports the discharge of records.
A4.03.03.04 Records Transfer Software and or services that support the transfer of the control of records from one government agency to another. This may, or may not, involve transfer of the actual records.
A4.03.03.05 Records Sale Software and or services that support the sale of the records from a government agency to a buyer.
A4.03.04 Controlled Vocabulary Software and or services that provides a way to organize knowledge for subsequent retrieval. They are used in subject indexing schemes, subject headings, thesauri, taxonomies and other forms of knowledge organisation systems. Controlled vocabulary schemes mandate the use of predefined, authorised terms that have been preselected by the designer of the vocabulary, in contrast to natural language vocabularies, where there is no restriction on the vocabulary.
A4.04 Data Quality Management
Software and or services to ensure that data are fit for their intended uses in operations, decision making and planning and to ensure internal consistency of the data.
A4.04.01 Data Cleansing Software and or services that support the cleaning of data and information.
Cleansing can including merging data, removing duplicates, identifying authoritative sources, fixing data entry errors, marking suspect records.
A4.04.02 Data Enrichment Software and or services that support data enrichment. Data enrichment is a general term that refers to processes used to enhance, refine or otherwise improve raw data. This idea and other similar concepts contribute to making
A4.04.03 Data Integrity Software and or services that support data integrity. Data integrity refers to maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency of data over its entire life-cycle, and is a critical aspect to the design, implementation and usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves data.
A4.04.04 Data Quality Assurance
Software and or services that support data quality assurance. Data quality assurance is the process of profiling the data to discover inconsistencies and other anomalies in the data, as well as performing data cleansing activities (e.g.
removing outliers, missing data interpolation) to improve the data quality.
These activities can be undertaken as part of data warehousing or as part of the database administration of an existing piece of applications software.
A4.05 Data Protection Software and or services that support data security and protection.
Note: Other aspects of data security are covered under the application domain
"Security Services".
A4.05.01 Data Access Levels Software and or services that support adding access levels to data entities, attributes and record level content.
A4.05.02 Data Archiving Software and or services that support data archiving. Data archiving is the process of moving data that is no longer actively used to a separate data storage device for long-term retention. Data archives consist of older data that is still important and necessary for future reference, as well as data that must be retained for regulatory compliance. Data archives are indexed and have search capabilities so that files and parts of files can be easily located and retrieved.
Note: Data archives are often confused with data backups, which are copies of data. Data backups are used to restore data in case it is corrupted or destroyed.
In contrast, data archives protect older information that is not needed for everyday operations but may occasionally need to be accessed.
A4.05.03 Data Erasure Software and or services that support data erasure (also called data clearing or data wiping) is a software-based method of overwriting the data that aims to completely destroy all electronic data residing on a hard disk drive or other digital media. Permanent data erasure goes beyond basic file deletion commands, which only remove direct pointers to the data disk sectors and make the data recovery possible with common software tools. Unlike
degaussing and physical destruction, which render the storage media unusable, data erasure removes all information while leaving the disk operable,
preserving IT assets and the environment. New flash memory–based media implementations, such as solid-state drives or USB flash drives can cause data erasure techniques to fail allowing remnant data to be recoverable.
A4.05.04 Data Masking Software and or services that support the masking of data entities at attribute and record level to support privacy of information such as a credit card number, passwords, and for the creating of test data.
A4.05.05 Data Replication Software and or services that support the replication of data so that data is not lost in the event of a failure of the storage hardware. This is related to but different from backup and restore.
A4.06 Database Management Software and or services that support database management.
A4.06.01 Database
Management System (DBMS)
Database management systems (DBMSs) are computer software applications that interact with the user, other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyse data. A general-purpose DBMS is designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases.
Note: Database Management System covers database, administration, tuning, backup, recovery, upgrades, etc.
A4.06.02 Database Administration
Registering and monitoring users, enforcing data security, monitoring
performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency control, and recovering information if the system fails.
A4.06.03 Database Backup and Recovery
Software and or services that creates copies of databases which may be used to restore the original after a data loss event or to restore and stabilize data sets to a consistent, desired state.
A4.06.04 Database Tuning Database maintenance includes software tools and or services to monitor, tune, upgrade, migrate and optimise databases. It also includes tablespace maintenance.
A4.07 Additional Data and Information Services
Software and or services that supports data and information services.
Note: "Enterprise Content Management" is in the "Corporate Applications"
domain. "Data Mining" and "Data Profiling" are covered in the "Business Intelligence and Analytics" in area A1.
A4.07.01 Auto Categorisation Auto Categorisation is an approach to use technology to automatically determine what a piece of electronic content is and how to address it. In the context of records management, auto categorisation can be helpful in two areas: determining whether a piece of content is a record or not and then assigning that record to its logical spot in the classification scheme.
The technology analyses the record to determine what it is and where it goes.
In most cases this analysis is based on the content of the record itself. For a record that contains text-type information, such as Microsoft Word, email, PDFs, project files, and others, the text can be analysed. For records that are images, some solutions can use character recognition technologies like OCR and barcodes to extract meaning from the image and analyse that.
For other types of content, and even for some of these types as well in some systems, the application analyses the metadata of the record. For email this might include date sent and address of the sender, while for a Word document it might include the title of the document or its author. Even the file format itself could provide initial analysis; for an engineering firm, for example, the mere fact that a document is a CAD drawing or a .dwg file could be enough to start the classification process (though it would almost certainly not end there).
A4.07.02 Digital Rights Management
Software and or services that support the claim and ownership of intellectual capital and artefacts belonging to an organisation.
A4.07.03 Digital Conversion Software that supports scanning and the interpretation into digital formats.
Depending on the reason for an image being scanned there may be special requirements as to the quality of the image. For example scanning a tax invoice does not need to be high quality whereas LINZ scanning a map for a record of a property needs to have a very high quality image. Includes 3D scanning of objects.
A4.07.04 Enterprise Search Software and or services that support the search information within an enterprise (though the search function and its results may still be public).
Enterprise search can be contrasted with web search, which applies search technology to documents on the open web, and desktop search, which applies search technology to the content on a single computer.
Enterprise search systems index data and documents from a variety of sources such as: file systems, intranets, document management systems, e-mail, and databases. Many enterprise search systems integrate structured and unstructured data in their collections. Enterprise search systems also use access controls to enforce a security policy on their users.
A4.07.05 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Software that supports scanning and the interpretation of images into digital formats. Depending on the reason for an image being scanned there may be special requirements as to the quality of the image. For example scanning a tax invoice does not need to be high quality whereas LINZ scanning a map for a record of a property needs to have a very high quality image. Includes 3D scanning of objects.
A4.07.06 Data and Information Analytics
Software and or services to support text, voice, video, sound analytics. This involves information retrieval, lexical analysis to study word frequency distributions, pattern recognition, tagging/annotation, information extraction, data mining techniques including link and association analysis, visualisation, and predictive analytics. The overarching goal is, essentially, to turn text, voice, video, sound into data for analysis, via application of natural language
processing (NLP) and analytical methods.
A4.07.07 Version Control Software and or services to support version control. Most commonly run as stand-alone applications, but revision control is also embedded in various types of software such as word processors and spreadsheets.
Note: It is also covered by the "Content Control" application category within the "Content Management" application area and in various content management systems.
A4.07.99 Other Data and Information Services
Other Data and Information Services without a defined application category.
A4.08 Geospatial Information Software and or services that supports geospatial information. Geospatial information is information describing the location and names of features beneath, on or above the earth's surface.
A4.08.01 Cartography Software that supports the creation of maps. Includes hydrography.
A4.08.02 Collection and Manipulation of Satellite and Aerial Photographs
Software which supports the modification or analysis of imagery information.
A4.08.03 Geometric Networks Software that supports modelling of common networks and infrastructures found in the real world. Water distribution, electrical lines, gas pipelines, telephone services, and water flow in a stream are all examples of resource flows that can be modelled and analysed using a geometric network.
A4.08.04 Geocoding (Forward Geocoding)
Software that supports Geocoding. This is sometimes called forward geocoding and is the process of enriching a description of a location, most typically a postal address or place name, with geographic coordinates from spatial reference data such as building polygons, land parcels, street addresses, ZIP codes (postal codes) and so on. Geocoding facilitates spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems and Enterprise Location Intelligence systems.
A4.08.05 Geospatial Data Analysis
Supports the application of statistical analysis and other informational techniques to geographically based data. Also known as Geostatistics.
A4.08.06 Geospatial Data Collection
Software that supports the collection or management of geospatial information. Includes hydrographic data collection
A4.08.07 Hydrological Modelling
Software that supports Hydrologic modelling. They are primarily used for hydrologic prediction and for understanding hydrologic processes.
A4.08.08 Imagery Software that supports the collection of information via satellite and aerial photography.
A4.08.09 Reverse Geocoding Software that supports Reverse Geocoding. Reverse geocoding is the process of enriching geographic coordinates with a description of the location, most typically a postal address or place name.
A4.08.10 Spatial Data Infrastructure
Software that supports linking online spatial data and allowing it to be discovered, accessed and used.
A4.08.11 Topological Modelling Software that supports modelling utilising the topological properties of spatial
A4.08.11 Topological Modelling Software that supports modelling utilising the topological properties of spatial