Estudio del control

We start our observation with some a depiction of some of the important architectural models motivating the current state of information technology services we provide in Figure 25. The are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. The term originally referred to the large cabinets called “main frames” that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. has been updated by von Laszewski to include the mobile computing and the internet of things phase that is bringing rapid changes to how we perceive and use the cloud in the near future.

Figure 25: Evolution of Compute Architectures

We define the following terminology based on the evolution of compute architectures.

5.1.1.1 Mainframe Computing

Mainframe computing is using the larger and more reliable computers, like IBM System z9, to run the critical applications, bulk data processing, enterprise resource planning and business transaction processing.

According to Wikipedia, the term mainframe originally referred to the large cabinets called “main frames” that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units. Most large-scale computer system architectures were established in the 1960s, but continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. The term originally referred to the large cabinets called “main frames” that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers.

Some key attributes of Mainframes that distingishes it from other computers include its larger size, speed, throughput, power and environmental requirements, and operating system. Furthermore, we find that they have inbuilt redundency to address high uptimes as required by business applications. Even some of the earliest Mainfraims supported fast I/O and computation via virtualization. The concept of hot swapping of hardware help these machines to run without faliure for years.

5.1.1.2 PC Computing

The term PC is short for personal computer. The first PCs were introduced by IBM to the market. PCs need an operating system such as Windows, macOS, or Linux

PC Computing refers to

an era where consumers predominantly used personal computers to conduct their work. Such computers were mostly stand alone without network as early networks were not available to consumers.

5.1.1.3 Intranet and Server Computing

We refer to Intranet and Server Computing as an environment in which

the computers are part of an private network, also called, intranet, that is contained within an enterprise and later on also homes. Intranets are able to connect many local resources within a Local but also a wide area network

5.1.1.4 Grid Computing Computing

and its evolution is defined in The Grid-Idea and Its Evolution. The original definition of Grid computing has been summarised as follows:

A computational Grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities. [23]

However, in the paper we also define that Grids were not just about computing, but introduced an approach that through the introduction of virtual organizations lead to the following definition

A production Grid is a shared computing infrastructure of hardware, software, and knowledge resources that allows the coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations to enable sophisticated international scientific and business-oriented collaborations.

This definition is certainly including services that are today offered by the Cloud. Hence in the early days of cloud computing there was a large debate occurring if cloud is just another term for Grid. In Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared an analysis is conducted between the different architecture models outlining that collective resources and connectivity protocols introduced by the Grid community have been replaced by the cloud with platform and unified resources.

To provide a very simple but possibly incomplete comparison, Cloud computing integrated infrastructure such as supercomputers and other large scale resources through unified protocols. The effort was initially provided by research institutions but have been introduced in business. However, with the growth of the data centers to foster common tasks such as Web hosting, we see a clear difference:

while the Grid was originally designed to give a few scientist access to the biggest agglomerated research supercomputers,

business focused on serving originally millions of users with the need to run only a view data or compute services.

This certainly resulted in independent development, while cloud computing has today consumed Grids. Tools such as the GLobus toolkit are no longer widely used, and the development has shifted to the support of data services only.

5.1.1.5 Internet Computing

With the ocurance of the WWW protocols, internet commuting brought to the consumers a global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities. Internet Computing refers to

the infrastructure that enables sharing of data, within the WWWW community.

Internet computing also comprises early infrastructures such as AOL, which poularized the term you got mail

5.1.1.6 Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing refers to

delivery of services such as database, server, network storage and others over the internet so the user doesnot have to maintain a datacenter and only pays for services in use. This reduces the cost and increases the productivity as services can be available in minutes on demand with state of the art security and no hardware datacenter staff needed on the users side.

We have provided a lecture about the definition of cloud computing previously.

5.1.1.7 Mobile Computing

Mobile Computing refers to

a diverse set of devices allowing users to access data and information from wherever they are with mobile devices such as cell phones or tablet computers. mobile computing is dominated by transmission of data, voice, and video over a network via the mobile device

5.1.1.8 Internet of Things Computing

Internet of Things Computing refers to

devices that are interconnected via the internet while they are embedded in things or common objects. The dives send and receive

data to be integrated into a network with sensors and actuators reacting upon sensory and other data.

5.1.1.9 Edge Computing

In addition, we need to point out two additional terms that we will integrate in this image. Edge Computing and Fog Computing. Currently there is still some debate about what these terms are, but we will follow the following definitions: Edge Computing refers to

computing conducted on the very edge of infrastructure. This means that data that is not needed in the data center can be calculated and analyzed on the edge devices instead. No interaction between cloud services is needed. Only the absolute required data is send to the cloud.

5.1.1.10 Fog Computing

FoG Computing refers to

computing conducted in-between the cloud and the edge devices. This could be for example part of a smart network, that hosts a small set of analytics capabilities, so that the data does not have to travel back to the data center, but the edge device is not powerful enough to do the calculation. Thus a Fog computing infrastructure provides tha ability to conduct the analysis closer to the edge saving valuable resources while not needing to transmit all data to the data center although it will be analyzed