3. Sistema de Extracción de Términos. Propuesta y Evaluación
3.3 Utilizando Aprendizaje Automático
3.3.1 Etapa de Entrenamiento
etc., and guidance of young men and women Books as kumariyon ke Patra
·dq`ekfj;kÍ ds` i(‚]
Awivahitayon ke Gupta Pecheda Patra·vfookfgrkvkÍ ds` xqIr isfpnk i(‚]
Kam Kal-a ke Bheda·d`ke d`¥k ds` Hsn‚
etc. He was an authority to write these books. We cannot reject the necessity of these books for theindividuals and the society. He wrote these books with the same belief and seriousness with which he wrote novels and stories.
As a matter of fact, Chatursen Shashtri was an author of many talents. He used his constructive energy in studying Veda’s Puranas, history, Sanskrit literature, world history, and history of human civilisation. He devoted his whole life to writing work or we may say that life and writing were synonymous to him. The man, who lived on writing in the truest sense and did not leave the pen till the last moment of life, he died on 2nd Feb. 1960. On the day before his death, he was busy in writing his novel Sona Aur Khoon
·lksuk vkSj [wu‚\
Hehad planned to write this novel in ten parts, but he could not do it. He could write only four parts of this novel, when the cruel hands of death snatched him away from us. But it is certain, such a man, master of pen, is born rarely.
●●●
Introduction
Every-reader of narrative literature in general, and of Hindi narrative in particular must be familiar with the name of monarch of novels, Shri Prem Chand. Although Hindi-novel writing was initiated in the Bhartendu period, yet the work of joining novel with the society was done by Munshi Prem Chand popularly known as Prem Chand. He delineated the real portrait of the atmosphere, of his time and place, individual, society and the country, all three resided in his mind and heart, Prem Chand made a deep study of the problems concerning them. Pointing out towards them, he compelled the readers to do thinking in that direction.
Life
Prem Chand was born on 31st July, 1887, in village Lamahi, near Kashi (Varanasi, U.P.). His childhood name or real name was Dhanpat Rai. His father’s name was Sri Ajab Rai and mother’s name was Smt. Anandi Devi. His father was employed in post office on Rs. 7 only per month.
When child Dhanpat Rai was of eight years, his mother died. Father married for the second time. Besides poverty, Prem Chand had to face the atrocities of step mother as well.
Prem Chand had his primary education at home. A moulvi used to teach him Urdu. At the age of thirteen years, Prem Chand was admitted in class six in Mission School. After some days, he arranged for his expenses of studies by giving tuition etc., and thus, any how passed B.A. His father died, and he was married when of 15 years. His married life was unhappy.
Divorcing his wife, Prem Chand married for the second time, a widow Shiva Rani Devi, who proved to be a wonderful life companion.
Livelihood
During student life, Prem Chand used to live by giving tuition. Later on he became a teacher in a government school on Rupees eighteen only per month, and gradually he became Inspector of Schools. But he had to leave his government service under influence of Gandhiji’s personality. He left service and joined Non-coorporation movement in 1920. After that, he entered into the profession of editorship. He edited Madhuri, Jagaran and Hans. He went to Bombay for some days to work in the film world.
For reasons of bad health he came back to Varanasi, where he ran his own printing press. He again began to edit ‘Hans’.
This was in 1931. He had to struggle throughout his life. After long illness, Prem Chand died on 8th, October 1936. It is said that till the last moment, he was worried about ‘Hans’, and wrote for it.
Literary work of Prem Chand
Prem Chand was one of those creative writers who were freedom fighters as well.
He began to write a column ‘Raftar Zamana’ regularly in a monthly magazine of Kanpur, under the Literary name Prem Chand. In this column he used to write comments on current subjects, as constitutional reforms, revolutions in Turkey and Soviet Russia.
The first story written by Prem Chand is ‘Duniya ka-Sabase Anmol Ratna
·nqfu;k d`k lcls vueks¥ jRu‚\
This story is written in Urdu, and is included in the collection of his stories—Poonam.In this story he tells that every drop of blood shed in the service of the country is the most important thing of the world. In 1908, his story Soze Waton
·æksts oru‚
was published, on account of which, he had to leave his government service.Prem Chand’s literary work is multisided. His creative work is complete in itself. He wrote almost in every style of prose, viz.
(A) Novels—Seva Sadan, Nirmala, Gaban, Karma Bhumi, -Rang Bhumi, Kayapalpa, Pratigya, Vardan and Godan.
(B) Stories—Prem Chand wrote hundreds of stories; Many collections of his stories were published, the chief collections
are—Sapta Saroj, Nava-vidhi, Prempachisi, Prem Poornima, Prem Dwadasi, Prem Tirth, Prem Piyush, Prem Kunj, Prem Prasun, Sapta Prasun, Mansarovar (Eight volumes) Prem Pratima and Prem Sarovar.
(C) Dramas—Sangram, Karbala, Roothi Rani, and Prem-ki-Vedi.
(D) Essays—Kuchh Vichar, Kalam, Talwar and Ny- aya. -(E) Biographics—Durga Das, Shekh Sadi etc.
(F) Children’s literature—Tolstoy ki Kahaniyan, Jangle ki Kahaniyan, Kutte ki Kahani, Man Mohan etc.
(G) Translations—Sristhi ka Prarambha, Fisane, Azad‚ -Ahankar, Hartal, Chandi ki Dibiy- a, and Nyay- a. Although Prem -Chand wrote in almost every style of prose, yet he is known as an author of narrative prose, a story writer and a novelist Prem Chand, through his writings, voiced the feelings of the depressed and neglected classes of India Prem Chand was, as a matter of fact, a full humanist literary writer. About his narrative writings, Dr. Hazari Prasad Dwivedi has written—
“Prem Chand was the voice of down trodden, insulted and neglected for centuries.” He strongly pleaded the case of the women, who were for centuries confined behind the veil, dishonoured at every step and helpless women community. He was a propagandist of the importance of the poor and the helpless. If you want to know ideas, language, feelings, mode of living, hopes and ambitions, pleasure and pain, initiative, understanding of the general public of North India, you will not find a better introducer than Prem Chand. None else can tell you so ably and with authenticity from the poor man’s cottage to the richman’s palace, from the street vendors to the banks from the village to the legislative council.
Prem Chand did make his art a means of recreation, but also an expression of his accomplishment. His novels are a lucid commentary on the National Movement of India and speaking picture of general sad, atmosphere of North India.
Prem Chand wrote two categories of novels, political and social. The problems of Indian life as a whole are described vividly in them. His novels Prema and Vardan are the products of the period when he used to write in Urdu under the name of Nawab Rai Sewa Sadan is his first mature novel written
artistically. In it are descriptions of gesticulated life. In Premashram, there are extensive vivid descriptions of the problems of village life. Sewa Sadan deals with the problem of prostitutes Premashram with the problems of the farmers Rangbhumi is his largest novel, and in it is the problem of atrocities of the ruling class ‘Karma Bhumi’ is a political novel in which are defended public’s anti-government feelings. In Pratigya is the problem of widow marriage. In Gaban Prem Chand had tried to show the bad consequences of love for ornaments ‘Kaya Kalp’ is a novel quite different from the general trend of Prem Chand. This is concerned with practice of yoga and rebirth etc. It is his lightest novel. In the Nirmala are described the unhappy consequences of marriage of inequals and the problems created by step mothers. Godan is by far the best novel not only of Prem Chand but of the literary world of Hindi. In Godan is the sad story of the exploitation of the farmer and the labourer. With the exception of Nirmala and Godan, in all novels Prem Chand has been realist with an eye on idealism. By the time he reached this point, perhaps he had lost faith in Gandhism. In these novels, there are only problems, but no solutions. Godan’s Hori was born in pain, brought up in pain and died also in pain. Godan is totally a realistic novel.
Critics in the realm of Hindi literature have unreservedly admired wideness of subjects, deep-penetrating insight, fineness of characterisation, and called him the monarch of the Hindi novel.
General characteristics of Prem Chand’s novel writing Prem Chand firmly believed that poverty of the public in general and the farmers in particular, will be removed only when the country becomes free, and Bharat will be prosperous only when the Bhartiya farmer gets rid of poverty. With this end in view, he propagated the sentiment of patriotism in his novels and stories, and lived to awaken the feelings of freedom.
Gandhism and Gadhian period Prem Chand’s narrative works are an artfully written history of the Gandhian period, parallel to Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramaiyya’s famous book, “The History of the National Congress.” Prem Chand has described the common man’s circumstances, sentiments and problems in a picturesque, psychological and heart touching style. Prem Chand’s psycho-logical analysis is not academic but based on experience and observation.
Prem Chand’s language is considered to be standard and popular Hindi. His style is very simple, natural and amiable. His language is, as a matter of fact, the language of the Indian masses, which is quite competent in provoking the reader’s emotions. The expressive power of the language has been very much enhanced by the use of idioms and popular proverbs. That is why he is the monarch of the Hindi novel-world. His whole narrative literature is purposeful and replete with human qualities.
Prem Chand—a social reformer
The novels and stories of Prem Chand are social and have an aim before them. He was a serious, studious and a thinker.
He has expressed his well thought out ideals on the various problems of North India. He has expressed his serious thoughts on inequal marriage, child marriage, widow remarriage, women education and other social problems. In his novels, and puttingforth solutions thereof, he has projected himself as social reformer. His novels, Sewa Sadan and Nirmala are concerned with the problems of women, and are realistic. In his novels more than, economic exploitation of untouchables Prem Chand has put to shame by sarcastic remarks, the pandas, the priests class etc. Prem Chand raised very powerful and loud voice against the social attenuations.
Prem Chand wrote against the blindfaith in the name of religion. In Rangbhumi Prem Chand says, “Dharma is acceptable where it is helpful in business, Dharma is abandoned where it is a hindrance in business.” In other words, Dharma is an ornament of business. He made it clear that the religious customs and people living on religion are obstacles in the development of the society.
In Kayakalpa Prem Chand has death a heavy blow to Hindu-Muslim communalism. If Hindu-Hindu-Muslim problem is not solved, then independence would be meaningless.
Conclusion
The advent of Prem Chand filled rightly the vacuum in the Hindi novel. He was in fact, the first original novelist and founder of a new age in the world of Hindi Novel. In the world of Hindi-world, Prem Chand was a central point where the eastern and western styles of novels coordinate Prem Chand presented balanced coordination of art and life. By his original,
mature and dignified works, he not only initiated series of Hindi novel but also held the head high of Hindi literature. The credit of establishing narrative literature on the international level goes to Prem Chand. In the whole of Prem Chand’s literature, there is confluence of realism and idealism, but he is more inclined towards idealism. As supporter of idealist ideas, Prem Chand gave many good messages to the society.
In the end, we have to say that Prem Chand was a builder of a new age and creator of language. Evaluating his grandeur as an author of narrative literature, scholars call him Gorki and others, while assessing his capability as a painter of village atmosphere, see in him Thomas Hardy of English literature. In our opinion Prem Chand is only Prem Chand. He is immortal as a folk hero artist.
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Sankrityayan
The birth centinary of Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan is being celebrated in many countries, the chief of them are Bharat, Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea, Tibet and China. Rahulji was well versed in 36 languages, and he wrote more than 150 books production of 150 books can be called no mean achievement in one life time ? He could give dictation for more than one book, at one and the same time. His inner self in itself was an every encyclopaedia.
Evaluation of his researches has not yet been completely done Scholars would be surprised when they come to know what a great contribution he had made to enrich the storehouse of Hindi literature. No style of writing and no subject had been untouched by him. He wrote novels, stories, dramas, biographies, travel accounts, dictionary, philosophy history and science. He wrote criticisms and books on criticism as well. He wrote some books in Sanskrit and Tibet also. His two novels—
Singh Senapati
·¯lg lsukifr‚
and Jay Yauddheya·t; ;kS*s;‚
gotgreat fame and recognition. His two story collections—Satmi-ke-Bachche
·lreh ds` cPps‚
and Ganga to Volga·xaxk ls oksYxk rd`‚
are very famous. Rashtra Bhasha Kosh, edited by him, is considered a very standard Hindi dictionary. He wrote biographies of great persons as Marx, Stalin, Mao-tse-Tung, and also of some revolutionaries, viz. Sardar Prithvi Singh, Chandra Singh Garhawali and some other companion of non-co-operation. He also wrote some very scholarly books, viz.
Dialectical Materialism, Guide to Philosophy
·næZu-fnXnæZu‚
andBaudh-Darshan
·ckS* næZu‚
.His book Ghumakkarh Shashtra
·?qeDd`MÈ ækL(‚
is unique and matchless in the world literature. His books on travel- accountsare unusually exciting. His books—Meri Laddakh Yatra
·esjh
¥nΩnk[ ;k(k‚]
Tibet mein Sawa Varsh·frCcr eÍ lok o"Z‚]
Rusa mein Pachchisa Mas·Ôl eÍ iPphl ekl‚
etc. are very renowned.In the world of politics his popular book’s are—‘Bhago Nahin, Badlow’
·Hkxks ugÓ] cn¥ks‚
and ‘Samyawad Kya Hai’·lkE;okn D;k gS‚
. Together with these books, he wrote a History of literature also·lkfgR; d`k bfrgkl‚
. In his book Madhya Asia ka Itihas·e÷; ,fæ;k d`k bfrgkl‚
he has made familiar with the history of Bharat from the Aryans of Rigvedic to the establishment of British Rule in Bharat (India). His books will be numberless if we try to name his books such as Tebeti-Bhasha and Vyakaran·frCcrh Hk"k vkSj O;kd`j.‚
and Sanskrit Balpothi·laLd~`r ck¥iksƒh‚\
Mahapandit Rahul Sankritayan was born on 9th April 1893 in village Pandaha, district Azamgarh in Uttar Pradesh. His childhood name was Kedar Nath Pandeya. Under influence of Bauddha religion, he embraced Buddhism and became a Bauddha, and name himself after the son Rahul of Gautam Buddha, and on account of his gotra ‘Sanskriti’. He added Sankrityayan to his name—Rahul. He roamed about in Sri Lanka, Burma, Tibet, China, Japan, Central Asia and Soviet Russia. He was teacher of Indian Philosophy in Russia for many years. He was a scholar of Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Apabhransha, Persian, English, Tibetan, Chinese, Russian and other languages. He was a famous scholar and exponent of Buddhist Philosophy. He translated many books on Buddha religion in Hindi out of them. These are worth mentioning—Majjhim Nikaya
·efT>e fud`k;‚]
Dirgh Nikaya·nh?Z fud`k;‚
and Vinaya Pitak·fou; fiVd`‚\
He had roaming habit from childhood. He made journeys to Tibet five times, Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim to China and Russia. There had been no such tourist like him in the world of literature. His whole life had been a life of a travelller.Kedar Pandeya received inspiration for roaming about from his maternal grandfather. His maternal grandfather was a retired military man, and he had travelled more than once, far and wide in India. He used to take Kedar (Rahul) in his lap, and then told him related tales of journeys and huntings. Maternal grandfather used to give an interesting account of his journeys to Ajanta,
Ellora and other historical places. The descriptions of journeys by maternal grandfather deeply influenced Kedar. There was cottage of Baba Param Hans in village Unarpur, near his parental village Kanaila. Kedars contacts with Baba Param Hansa and his disciple Hakaran Das made him detached from the study of Sanskrit and made him mad after travelling or roaming about, and the roamer’s life of Kedar began.
His marriage in very early childhood proved to be a reason for leaving home, and he could never accept his wife. This old malice always pained him. It is said he always helped that abandoned wife to his best. After some time, when Rahulji returned to that place, he could not stay there when he saw her into a bad condition. Coming out, he said that because of me, condition of this lady has become so bad. For this, he could never pardon himself. His this marriage was done in 1904, when he was hardly 11 years.
Rahulji’s second wife was a Russian lady. Her name was Lola. His third wife was Kamalaji, who bore him two children, a son Jeta, and a daughter Jaya (later on Smt. Jaya Parhak)
In 1911, while 18 years of age, child Kedar left home and reached Chhapara, and next year he became the heir of Mahant of Parasa monastery
·eB‚
. As an ascetic, he was named Damodar Das. His father and some other members of the family brought him back to the village. After this, Rahulji again reached Chhapara. This time, as a freedom fighter, he was appointed Secretary of the district Congress Committee. The zamidar of the neighbouring village Amwari was a broker of the British government. He was very cruel and a tyrant. When Rahulji, with his volunteers stood against him, he made his elephant run on them. The mahout of the elephant inserted his spear into Rahulji’s head and a stream of blood gushed out. The Englishmen arrested injured Rahulji and locked him in the jail.In 1911, while 18 years of age, child Kedar left home and reached Chhapara, and next year he became the heir of Mahant of Parasa monastery