E. coli
7.3. Determinación de concentración mínima inhibitoria de antibióticos comerciales y péptidos
7.3.3. Evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana de las diferentes combinaciones de Ampicilina
Tom and Ann are talking about the weather
Tom: What a wonderful day! The sun is shining and the light breeze is blowing.
Ann: Yes, I agree. It’s so nice to spend some time outside and enjoy beautiful weather. Don’t you think it would be a good idea to go to the countryside this weekend. We could go for a walk in the forest, make a barbecue in the backyard.
Tom: Yes, but I suppose we should read the weather forecast for this weekend. I heard the weather could be cloudy and stormy.
Ann: O.K. Let’s take a look at the newspaper. It says the temperature on Friday will be around 15-17 degrees, but it will be windy and cloudy. In some areas light drizzle is probable.
Tom: What about Saturday and Sunday.
Ann: Just a minute. On Saturday the weather will get a little bit warmer – 16-18 degrees. In some areas there will be sunshine. In the
mornings the mist is likely. On Sunday the temperature will be the same but the sky will be clear clear.
Tom: That’s O.K. I hate drizzly weather. But in any case we could visit our neighbors and have a good chat. I haven’t seen them for a month.
Ann: Yes, I expect will we have a good time.
Tomas ir Ana Kalba apie orą.
Tomas: Kokia puiki diena! Saulė šviečia ir pučia lengvas vėjelis.
Ana: Taip, sutinku. Puiku leisti laiką lauke ir mėgautis gražiu oru. Ar nemanai, kad būtų gera mintis nuvykti į kaimą šį savaitgalį. Mes galėtume nueiti pasivaikščioti į mišką, kieme išsikepti mėsos.
Tomas: Taip, bet manau, kad turėtume paskaityti oro prognozę šiam savaitgaliui. Girdėjau, oras gali būti debesuotas ir audringas.
Ana: Gerai. Pažiūrėkime į laikraštį. Parašyta, jog temperatūra
penktadienį bus apie 15-17 laipsnių, bet bus vėjuota ir debesuota.
Kai kuriose vietovėse galima dulksna.
Tomas: O kaip šeštadienį ir sekmadienį?
Ana: Palauk minutėlę. Šeštadienį oras šiek tiek atšils – 16-18 laipsnių.
Vietomis bus saulėta. Rytais tikėtina, jog bus rūkas. Sekmadienį temperatūra bus tokia pat, bes dangus bus giedras.
Tomas: Gerai. Nekenčiu darganoto oro. Bet bet kokiu atveju mes galėtume aplankyti savo kaimynus ir gerai paplepėti. Aš jų nemačiau jau mėnesį.
Ana: Taip. Manau mes gerai praleisime laiką.
Būdvardžiai apibūdintys orą
The sun is shining It's drizzling
The wind is blowing It's raining (The rain is falling.)
It's hailing It's pouring (The rain is
pouring down.)
It's snowing (The snow is
falling.) It's thundering
Sweltering = It's sweltering.
or It's a sweltering day.
Freezing = It's freezing.
or It's a freezing day.
Warm = It's warn. or It's a
warm day. Cold = It's cold. or It's a
cold day.
Sunny = It's sunny. or It's a
sunny day. Cloudy = It's cloudy. or
It's a cloudy day.
Clear = It's clear. or It's a clear day.
Stormy = It's stormy. or It's a stormy day.
Misty = It's misty. or It's a misty day.
Foggy = It's foggy. or It's a foggy day.
Breezy = It's breezy. or It's a breezy day
Windy = It's windy. or It's a windy day.
Showery = It's showery. or It's a showery day.
Rainy = It's rainy. or It's a rainy day.
Frosty = It's frosty. or It's a frosty day.
Snowy = It's snowy. or It's a snowy day.
Icy = It's icy. or It's an icy
day. Drizzly = It's drizzly. or
It's a drizzly day.
. Dry = It's dry. or It's a dry
day. Wet = It's wet. or It's a
wet day.
Conditionals Type 2
Sąlygos sakiniai tipas 2
Antro tipo sąlygos sakiniai išreiškia nerealią galimybę, jog kažkas gali įvykti, esant tam tikrom aplinkybėm.
Kaip ir pirmo tipo sąlygos sakinuose mes kalbame apie ateitį, tačiau skirtumas yra tas, jog sąlyga yra nereali.
IF condition result
past simple WOULD + base verb (bendratis)
If I won the lottery Jei laimėčiau loterjoje
I would buy a car.
nusipirkčiau automobilį.
Dar keletas pavyzdžių:
IF condition result
past simple WOULD + base verb If
Jeigu
I married Mary vesčiau Mariją
I would be happy.
būčiau laimingas.
If
Jei Tom became rich
Tomas taptų turtingas she would marry him.
ji ištekėtų už jo.
If Jei
it snowed this July snigtų šią liepą.
would you be surprised?
ar būtum nustebęs?
If Jei
I had a lot of money turėčiau daug pinigų
I would buy a car.
nusipirkčiau automobilį.
result IF condition
WOULD + base verb past simple I would be happy if I married Mary.
She would marry Ram if he became rich.
Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?
What would you do if it snowed next July?
Galime vartoti should, could arba might vietoj would, pavyzdžiui: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. (Jei laimėčiau milioną dolerių, galėčiau mesti darbą) Vietoj if…not galima vartoti unless.
You will fail your test if you don’t study hard.
You will fail your test unless you study. (Tu neišlaikysi testo nebent daug studijuosi).
1. Pratimas.
Pavartokite pirmo arba antro tipo sąlygos sakinių tinkamas veiksmažodžių formas.
1. If you put on the kettle I ……….(make) the tea.
2. What……..you ………(do) if you found a burglar in your house?
3. I could tell you what this means if I ……….(know) Greek.
4. If you give my dog a bone he ……….(bury) it at once.
5. If he ……….(go) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says.
6. If everybody ………..(give) $1 we would have enough.
7. He might get fat if he ……….(stop) smoking.
8. If you ……….. (speak) more slowly he could understand you.
9. Unless he ………. (sell) more he won’t get much commission.
10. We’ll have to more upstairs if the river …………..(rise) any higher 11. If he .…………(work) hard today can he have a holiday tomorrow?
12. If we had more rain our crops ………. (grow) faster.
13. If we leave the car here it ………..(not be) in anybody’s way.
14. He’ll be late for the train if he ……….(not start) at once.
15. If you come late they ……….(not let) you in.
16. If I lend you $10 when ……….(you repay) me?
17. If he knew that it was dangerous he ………..(not come).
18. If you ……….(see) someone drowning what would you do?
19. If he …………(come) before 6 we could come to the train station on time.
20. Wtat would you do if you ……… (catch) a lot of fish?
2. Pratimas.
Pavartokite pirmo arba antro tipo sąlygos sakinių tinkamas veiksmažodžių formas.
1. ……….(be) ruined if I bought her everything she asked for.
2. If you slept under a mosquito net you …………..(not be) bitten so often.
3. I could get a job easily if I ………….. (have) a degree
4. If she …………. (do) her hair differently she might look quite nice.
5. If you ………. (not like) this one I’ll bring you another.
6. I’d go and see him more often if he …………. (live) on a bus route.
7. If they ………. (ban) the sale of alcohol at football matches there might be less violence.
8. If you ………. (be) a good boy I would take you to the cinema.
9. Unless you are more careful you ………. (have) an accident 10. I …………. (keep) a horse if I could afford it.
11. Tell him to ring me up if you …………. (see) him.
12. If he …………. (like) the house will he buy it?
13. I ……….(offer) to help if I thought I’d be any use.
14. What would you do if the lift ……….(get) stuck between two floors?
15. If you ………….. (paint) the walls white the room would be much brighter.
16. If you sit down I …………. (make) enquiries for you.
17. If you knew you had only six weeks to live how you …………..
(spend) those six weeks?
18. She won’t open the door unless she ………. (know) who it is.
19. If I tell you a secret, ………. (you promise) not to tell it to anyone else?
20. If you ……….. (not believe) what I say, ask your mother.
21. Unless I have a quiet room I …………. (not be able) to do any work.
22. If you ………. (change) your job would it affect your pension?
23. If you ………….. (study) at university what would you choose?
24. If you …………. (not study) hard you won’t be able to pass the test.
25. If he ……. (come) to me we will go to the cinema.
bone
Tom: Good morning. I’d like to report an emergency.
Receptionist: What happened?
Tom: There is a fire in opposite my house. The house is on fire. The address is Baker’s Street 19.
Receptionist: OK. We are sending the fire engine to that place. Would you please describe what you can see? Can you see just smoke or smoke and flames?
Tom: There is a lot of smoke coming out of the house. I can’t see any flames. I don’t have a very good view of the house because there is a tree in front of me.
Receptionist: Do you know the people living there? Might there be some children or elderly people inside?
Tom: I don’t know. I just moved into my house a month ago.
Receptionist: Are you sure that the house is on fire but not the shed, grass or other things?
Tom: It looks like the house but I can’t see my neighbor’s back yard so I can’t say for sure.
Receptionist: Yes, don’t hang up the phone. We need you in case we can’t find the way to the house. Is the traffic heavy towards the house?
Tom: No there are hardly any cars. It won’t be a problem to reach the house.
Receptionist: The fire engine will arrive in a few minutes. Could you please go over to the house and see what you see in detail, but have the phone with you and don’t hang it up.
Receptionist: Thanks a lot the fire brigade has just reached the house. It will put the fire out immediately. Thank you for your help.
Tom: Not at all.
Tom: Labas rytas. Norėčiau pranešti apie nepaprastąją padėtį.
Receptionist: Kas atsitiko?
Tom: Priešais mano namus gaisras.Dega namas. Adresas yra Baker Street 19.
Receptionist: Gerai. Mes siunčiame gaisrinės automobilį į vietą. Ar galite apibūdinti, ką matote? Ar matote tik dūmus arba dūmus ir liepsną?
Tom: Daug dūmų kyla iš namo. Aš nematau liepsnos. Negaliu labai gerai matyti namo, nes ten priešais mane yra medis.
Receptionist: Ar pažįstate, ten gyvenančius žmones? Ar gali būti vaikamų ar pagyvenusių žmonių viduje?
Tom: Nežinau. Aš ką tik persikėliau į savo namus prieš mėnesį
Receptionist: Ar esate tikras, kad dega namas, bet ne pašiūrė, žolė ar dar as nors?
Tom: Atrodo, kad namas, tačiau aš nematau kaimyno vidinio kiemo, todėl aš negaliu tvirtai to teigti.
Receptionist: Taip, nedėkite telefono ragelio Mums reikia jūsų jei mes negalėsime rasti kelio į namus. Ar eismas intensyvus?
Tom: Ne beveik visai nėra automobilių. Nebus problemų, pasiekti namus.
Receptionist: Gaisrinė atvyks per keletą minučių. Gal galėtumėte nueit link namų ir pažiūrėti, ką matote, išsamiai, tačiau nenutraukite telefoninio pokalbio
Tom: Taip, namas atrodo tuščias, žmonių aplink nėra, nematau nieko ir viduje. Dūmai eina per virtuvės langą.
Receptionist: Ačiū, ugniagesių komanda ką tik pasiekė namą. Gaisras tuoj bus užgesintas. Dėkoju už pagalbą.
Tom: Nėra už ką. Not at all.
Sąlygos sakiniai, tipas 3
Conditionals Type 3 Sudarymas
[If ... Past Perfect..., ... would have + past participle (būtojo laiko dalyvis) [... would have + past participle ... if ... Past Perfect ...]
Past Perfect sudaromas iš had + veiksmažodžio 3 formos Būtojo laiko dalyvis sutampa su veiksmažodžio 3 forma
Šią konstrukciją mes vartojme kai kalbama apie nerealią praeities situaciją.
važiavau autobusu)
She would have traveled around the world if she had had more money. But she didn't have much money, so she never traveled. (Ji būtų keliavusi aplink pasaulį, jei būtų turėjusi daug pinigų. Bet ji neturėjo daug pinigų ir niekada nekeliavo).
I would have read more when I was a child if I hadn't watched so much TV. (Aš būčia daugiau skaitęs, kai buvau vaikas, jei nebūčiau žiūrėjęs tiek daug TV)
Mary would have got the job in Japan if she had studied Japanese in school. (Mary būtų gavusi darbą Japonijoje, jei būtų studijavusi japonų kalbą mokykloje)
If Tom had worked harder, he would have earned more money. (Jei Tomas būtų daugiau dirbęs, jis būtų uždirbęs daugiau pinigų)
: What would you have done if you had won the lottery last week?(Ką tu būtum daręs, jei būtum laimėjęs loteriją praitą savaitę?)
would have gali kaitaliotis su could have, should have, might have ir t.t.
:
If I had gone to Egypt, I could have learned Arabic. (Jei būčiau išvykęs I Egiptą, būčiau galėjęs išmokti kalbėti arabiškai)
If she had had time, she might have gone to the party. (Jei ji būtų turėjusi laiko, ji būtų galėjusi ateiti į pobūvį)
1. PRATIMAS.
Pavartokite tinkamą laiko formą.
1. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I ……….. (not lend) him the
2. money.
3. If you ……….(not sneeze) he wouldn’t have known that we were there.
4. If you ……….(put) some mustard in the sandwiches they would have tasted better.
5. The hens ………(not get) into the house if you had shut the door.
6. If he had known that the river was dangerous he ………(not try) to swim across it.
7. If he had known the whole story he ………..(not be) so angry.
8. If I …………. (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.
9. You ………. (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions
10. The whole machine would fall to pieces if you ……… (remove) that screw.
11. If you hadn’t been in such a hurry you …………. (not put) sugar into the sauce
12. If she had listened to my directions she ………..….(not turn) down the wrong street.
13. She had a headache; otherwise she ………..…….. (come) with us.
15. You ………. (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where to look for answer
2. Pratimas.
Pavartokite sąlygos sakinių 1,2,3 tipo tinkamas formas.
1. Should you require anything else please …………. (ring) the bell for the attendant.
2. I’d climb over the wall if there ……….. (not be) so much broken glass on top of it.
3. If you ………….. (find) a skeleton in the cellar don’t mention it to anyone.
4. If you pass your examination we ………. (have) a celebration.
5. What ……… (happen) if I press this button?
6. If you go to Paris where ……….. (you/stay)?
7. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which ……….
(you/choose)?
8. The flight may be cancelled if the fog ………. (get) thick.
9. If the milkman ……… (come) tell him to leave two pints.
10. Someone ………. (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there.
11. You would play better bridge if you ……….. (not talk) so much.
12. What ………. (you/do) if you heard the burglar alarm?
13. If you ……….. (read) the instructions carefully you wouldn’t have answered the wrong question.
14. I could repair the roof myself if I ………. (have) a long ladder.
15. Unless they turn that radio off I …………. (go) mad.
16. If you were made redundant what …………..… (you/do)?
17. We’ll have a long way to walk if we ……….. (run) out to petrol here.
18. If you shake that bottle of port it ………(not be) fit to drink.
19. I’ll probably get lost unless he ………….. (come) with me.
20. You ………. (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.
21. If you ………….. (wear) a false beard nobody would have recognized you.
22. If she ………….. (leave) the fish there the cat will get it.
23. Unless they leave a lamp beside that hole in the road somebody
……….(fall) into it.
24. You’ll get pneumonia if you …………..(not change) your wet clothes.
25. If I had known that you couldn’t eat octopus I ……….. (not buy) it.
26. If they ………….. (hang) that picture lower people would he able to see it.
27. She …………. (be able) to walk faster if her shoes hadn’t such high heels.
29. If you had touched that electric cable you ………(be) electrocuted.
30. If the story hadn’t been true the newspaper ………..(not print) it.
31. I ……….(not buy) things on the installment system if I were you.
32. Dial 999 if you ………….(want) Police, Ambulance, or Fire Brigade.
33. You ………..(not be) any use to me unless you learn to type.
34. If anyone attacked me, my dog ………..(jump) at his throat
A
at present dabar, šiuo metu
barbecue party mėsos kepimo
ant laužo
vakarėlis bathroom užuolaidos
bathroom vonia
beach paplūdimys
bear nešti, gimdyti
beefsteak jautienos pjausnys
bring, brought atnešti, atnešė brochure brošiūra
case atvejis
chips keptos buvytės chocolate išvalyti chores namų ruošos
darbai
course kursas, patiekalas coyotes kojotai criminal nusikaltėlis
crop apkirpti
cry verkti
currency valiuta
dairy products pieno produktai damage sugadinti, discount kartu (su vonia) discount nuolaida
driving license vairuotojo pažymėjimas