Examen de las marcas que consistan en escudos de armas y otros

The remainder of this Thesis is divided into five subsequent Chapters and one Appendix. The Chapters will present the procedures developed for the Thesis as well as detail case studies used to prove the usefulness of the proposed methods. The following Chapters are organized as follows.

Second Chapter

The Second Chapter makes a brief introduction of the main concepts of parallel computing. It also introduces the “Multicore for MATLAB” library, which is the tool chosen for individually accessing system cores and implementing multicore computing. Finally, it presents how the “Multicore for MATLAB” library can be used in conjunction with OpenDSS for the application of parallel computing to the simulation of power distribution systems.

Third Chapter

The Third Chapter presents the three algorithms implemented for the generation of node load profiles, and PV and wind generation curves. A short example is presented to demonstrate the information that can be generated with these three algorithms and how it can be used in different studies.

Fourth Chapter

The Fourth Chapter presents the developed procedure for the optimum allocation of distributed generation, including how this procedure was implemented to be executed in a multicore environment. Furthermore, two refinements of the proposed Monte Carlo approach aimed at reducing total execution times are presented. The implemented procedure is tested in different systems and the main results and conclusions are presented in this Chapter.

Fifth Chapter

In the Fifth Chapter the procedure for the reliability evaluation of distribution systems is detailed. The most important aspects of the procedure are presented as well as the criteria selected for reliability evaluation with presence of distributed generation. Additionally, the application of parallel computing using the “Multicore for MATLAB” library is also presented. The probability density functions of the reliability indices of a test system (with and without DG) are obtained by means of the developed method and presented in this Chapter.

Analysis of Power Distribution Systems Using a Multicore Environment

24

Sixth Chapter

The Sixth Chapter summarizes the main conclusions derived from the work developed for this Thesis.

Appendix A

The Appendix A presents the software for simulation of power distribution systems, OpenDSS; it also introduces the main features and capabilities present in the Stand- alone and COM DLL versions. Two test cases are used to show the main solution modes and the information that can be generated from the solution of a circuit under evaluation.

1.7. References

[1.1] New York Independent System Operator, A Review of Distributed Energy

Resources, September 2014.

[1.2] P.S. Georgilakis and N.D. Hatziargyriou, “Optimal distributed generation placement in power distribution networks: Models, methods, and future research,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 3420-3428, August 2013.

[1.3] C. Wang and M.H. Nehir, “Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation in power systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 2068-2076, November 2004.

[1.4] N. Acharya, P. Mahat, and N. Mithulananthan, “An analytical approach for DG allocation in primary distribution networks,” International Journal of Electrical

Power & Energy Systems, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 669-678, December 2006.

[1.5] T. Gözel and M.H. Hocaoglu, “An analytical method for the sizing and siting of distributed generator in radial systems,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 912-918, June 2009.

[1.6] G. Celli, E. Ghiani, S. Mocci, and F. Pilo, “A multiobjective evolutionary algorithm for the sizing and siting of distributed generation,” IEEE Trans. on

Power Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 750-757, May 2005.

[1.7] C.L.T. Borges and D.M. Falcao, “Optimal distributed generation allocation for reliability, losses, and voltage improvement,” International Journal of

Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 413-420, July 2006.

[1.8] A.A. Abou El-Ela, S.M. Allam, M. Shatla, “Maximal optimal benefits of distributed generation using genetic algorithms,” Electric Power Systems

Research, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 869-877, July 2010.

[1.9] IEEE 1366: “IEEE Guide for Electric Power Distribution Reliability Indices”, 2012.

[1.10] T.A. Short, Electric Power Distribution Handbook, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2004.

[1.11] T.A. Short, Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems, CRC Press, 2005.

[1.12] T. Gönen, Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2008.

Chapter 1: Introduction

25 [1.13] A.A. Salam and O.P. Malik, Electric Distribution Systems, John Wiley & Sons,

2011.

[1.14] D. Nack, “Reliability of Substation Configurations”, Iowa State University, 2005.

[1.15] IEED 242: “IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”, 2001.

[1.16] A.J. Pansini, Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems, 6th Edition, CRC Press, 2005.

[1.17] URL: http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/power_systems/ products/overhead_distributionequipment.html

[1.18] J. Northcote-Green and R.G. Wilson, Control and Automation of Electrical

Power Distribution Systems, CRC Press, 2006.

[1.19] IEEE 1547: “Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems”, 2003.

[1.20] The Regulatory Assistance Project, “Interconnection of Distributed Generation to Utility Systems,” RAP report (Main author: P. Sheaffer), September 2011. Available at www.raponline.org.

[1.21] C.J. Mozina, “Interconnection Protection of Dispersed Generators”, Beckwith Electric Co., Inc.

[1.22] H. Lee Willis and W.G. Scott, Distributed Power Generation. Planning and

Evaluation, Marcel Dekker, 2000.

[1.23] “An Introduction to Distributed Generation Interconnection”. Available at http://www.renewwisconsin.org.

[1.24] J. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, 1st Edition, McGraw- Hill, 1988.

[1.25] F. Wagner, Renewables in Future Power Systems, Springer, 2014. [1.26] URL: http://www.microgridinstitute.org/about-microgrids.html

[1.27] H.L. Willis, “Analytical Methods and Rules of Thumb for Modeling DG- Distribution Interaction,” Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Seattle, Washington, USA, 2000.

[1.28] A. Birolini, Reliability Engineering, Springer, 2004.

[1.29] R.E. Brown, Electric Power Distribution Reliability, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2009.

[1.30] A. Chowdhury and D. Koval, Power Distribution System Reliability: Practical

Methods and Applications, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2009.

[1.31] R. Billinton and P. Wang, “Teaching Distribution System Reliability Evaluation Using Monte Carlo Simulation,” ,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 7397-403, August 2002.

[1.32] R. Billinton and P. Wang, “A Generalized Method for Distribution System Reliability Evaluation,” IEEE WESCANEX Conference Proceedings, pp. 349- 354, 1995.

[1.33] HOMER Software, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 2003. Available at http://www.nrel.gov/homer.

Chapter 2

2. Application of Parallel Computing to