1.3. Comprensión lectora
1.3.3. Factores que inciden en la comprensión lectora
and training?
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Aderet F.O and Ajayi A.O (2005) Concepts and basic principles of agricultural extension in Agricultural extension in Nigeria. Edited by Adedoyin S.F Agricultural Extension society of Nigeria (AESON)
Beintema, Nienke M. 2006. ―Participation of Female Agricultural Scientists in Developing Countries.‖ Brief prepared for Women in Science: Meeting the Challenge, adjunct to the CGIAR Annual General Meeting, Washington, DC, December 4.
Department of Extension Education College of Agriculture Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University
Leagans J.Paul (1971) ‗‗Extension Education and Modernization‘‘ In j. Paul Leagans and Charles P.Looms(ed) Behavioural change in Agriculture : concepts and strategies for influencing transition) Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1971. P106.
World Bank/ International Fund for Agricultural Development (2012) Gender in Agriculture. Gender in agriculture Source book Vasantha, R Reading Material on Dimensions of Agricultural Extension 2010-2011
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Concept and scope of monitoring and evaluation 3.1.1 Concept of Monitoring
3.1.2 Objectives of monitoring 3.1.3 Importance of monitoring 3.1.4 Monitoring indicators 3.2.1 Concept of evaluation 3.2.2 An evaluation system 3.2.3 Objectives of evaluation 3.2.4 Importance of evaluation 3.2.5 Types of evaluation 3.2.6 Element of evaluation 3.2.7 Steps in evaluation 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Monitoring and evaluation is one of the most important aspects of agricultural development.
Given the enormous amounts of money invested in agricultural and rural development by national governments and international donors, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are accepted as important steps for assessing progress toward specific outcomes and measuring impact. For any meaningful agricultural development, steps should be taken to involve all groups, including women, in programmes that will be of direct benefit to them in view of the fact that the majority of rural poor are not usually given equal consideration when agricultural programs are planned, implemented, or monitored.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
• explain the concept of monitoring and evaluation
• discuss the importance of monitoring and evaluation the agricultural programmes
• describe different types and elements of evaluation
• identify steps to follow in monitoring and evaluation in sequential order.
•
MAIN CONTENT
•
Concept of Monitoring
•
Monitoring
Monitoring is defined as the continuous assessment of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules and of the use of inputs, infrastructure, and services by project beneficiaries. It can also be defined as a continuous or periodic surveillance over the implementation of projects to ensure that input deliveries, work schedules, target output and other required actions are proceeding according to what has been planned (FAO, 1985). Monitoring also assesses whether project input are being delivered, are being used as intended and have expected results. In summary, monitoring is observing or checking on programme or project activities and their impact. Monitoring makes it possible to detect implementation irregularity and to make necessary corrections.
•
Objectives of Monitoring
The objectives of carrying out monitoring of project or programme are to ensure that inputs, work schedules and output are proceeding according to plan; ii provide a record of inputs used, activities and results; iii to warn of deviations from initial goals and expected outcomes.
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Importance of monitoring
The importance of carrying out monitoring of agricultural project or programme
• provides feedback during the process of implementation;
• monitoring aids in collection of readily available information and minimal difficulty in processing and analysis of it;
• it places appropriate emphasis on project outputs and impacts as well as inputs.
3.1.4 Monitoring indicators
Four indicators can be used in monitoring of programme or project include:
• Project inputs: These are the resources that are needed for the project to assist the farmers in achieving pre-determined objectives. Example of inputs are: capital, manpower, goods, service, training and technologies.
• Project outputs: These are physical outcomes of the project inputs
• Project effect: There are the effect of the project output of farmers between 1 to 3
years of establishing the project. These effects might be increase in yield, purchasing of agricultural inputs, use of health facilities, improvement in transportation etc.
• Project impact: These are changes that have resulted from the projects inputs, outputs and effects. They includes increase in farmers income, acquiring of better social status, changes in knowledge, skill and attitude and increase in standard of living
3.2 Concept of evaluation
•
Evaluation
Evaluation is defined as periodic assessment of the relevance, performance, efficiency, and impact (expected and unexpected) of the project in relation to stated objectives (World Bank n.d.). Evaluation is an activity we engage in everyday because we are always making judgement relating to the value or worth of thing we do or experience.
In a nutshell, evaluation can be defined as the process of determining the value of anything. Evaluation can also be defined as systematic review and assessment of benefits, quality and value of a programme or activity. It usually focus on programme design, implementation and /or result (Ajayi, 2005). In education, evaluation determines the value of an educational programme. Seepersed and Herderson (1984) defined extension evaluation as a continuous and systematic process of assessing the values or potential value of extension programmes.
•
Evaluation system
This involves the development of a series of data over a time span starting before the project is implemented and continuing well beyond the implementation period. Unlike monitoring, an evaluation requires a longer time span before even tentative conclusions can be drawn.
•
Objectives of evaluation
The objectives of evaluation are to:• Determines whether the project objectives set in terms of expected outputs, outcomes and impact are being, or will be, met;
• establishes links between inputs and outputs and between outputs and impacts;
• improves the project by sharing the evaluation results while there is still time to make adjustments to the project;
• identifies clearly the external factors that influence project outcomes as well as the true contribution of the project to the development objective
3.2.4 Importance of Evaluation
The importance of evaluation include:
• Evaluation guide and direct future action
• It help to improve on-going programmes
• It provide the basis for planning future programme
• Evaluation reveals strengths and weaknesses of a programme and thereby help to bring improvement in the programme.
• It helps to focus on the objectives a programme.
3.2.5 Types of evaluation
Different scholars classified evaluation into different types. Ekpere (1984) identified four different types of evaluation. These include
• snap evaluation: This is the type of evaluation that is done almost unconsciously.
• casual evaluation: This refers to the type of evaluation that is done after a conscious receipt of the information.
• systematic evaluation: This is the type of evaluation in which a great deal of attention is given in the collection of information for programme description and for analysing and trying to extract facts or meaning from that set of information.
Williams (1989) further classified evaluation as follows:
i. On-going evaluation ii terminal evaluation iii ex-post evaluation. According to him on-going evaluation refers to the type of evaluation that is carried out at the implementation phase of a programme. It provides decision makers with necessary information about any needed adjustment in the objectives, policies and implementation strategies of the programme. ii. Terminal evaluation: This is the type of evaluation that is carried out from 6-12 months after the completion of the programme
iii. Ex-post evaluation: this is evaluation that is undertaken some years after completion of the programme in order to review comprehensively the experience and impact of a project as a basis for future policy formulation and project design
3.2.6 Elements of Evaluation
There are four elements of evaluation which include:
i. objectives ii. criteria iii.
evidence iv. judgement
Objective: could be referred to as the end toward which effort is directed. Ajayi (2005), referred to it as a statement of direction of movement
Criteria: These are the measures or indicator such as rule, standard, norms, behaviours against which programme could be judge. It is an acceptable or ideal behaviour against which value judgment is made.
Evidence: It involves the process of seeking facts or information with respect to impacts of a given programme in a given area based on the pre-determined objectives.
Judgement: It can be referred to as the final statement or conclusion based on the result deduced from implementation of the programme. It is the process of assigning values to the myriad of alternative derived from evidence.
3.2.7 Steps in evaluation
The steps which are basic to all formal evaluation are arranged in a logical order:
• definition of problem
• statement of objectives
• deciding on evidence of change to look for
• selection and development of procedures for collection data
• selection of sample
• collection of data
• analysis of data
• writing and presentation of the findings
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
• Explain the following terms i. Monitoring ii Evaluation iii Evaluation system.
• Briefly discuss the different types of evaluation used in agricultural extension and rural development
• Briefly discuss four elements of evaluation
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit you have learnt about the meaning of monitoring and evaluation in agriculture, importance of monitoring and evaluation, objectives of carrying out monitoring and evaluation and different types of evaluation and element of evaluation.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit you have learnt that
• Monitoring is the continuous assessment of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules and of the use of inputs, infrastructure, and services by project beneficiaries
• Evaluation is a systematic review and assessment of benefits, quality and value of a programme.
• Monitoring required a short time while evaluation requires a longer time span before tentative conclusions can be drawn
• The importance of carrying out monitoring of project or programme are to provides feedback during the process of implementation; monitoring aids in collection of readily available information and minimal difficulty in processing and analysis of it;
and it places appropriate emphasis on project outputs and impacts as well as inputs.
• The importance of evaluation are to guide and direct future action; and improve on-going programmes, provide the basis for planning future programme
• Elements of evaluation include i objectives ii criteria iii evidence iv judgement
• Steps in evaluation started with definition of problem ended with writing and presentation of the findings
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
• Discuss the reasons why monitoring and evaluation are important in programme planning and implementation.
• In sequential order, state the steps involved in programme monitoring and evaluation
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Ajayi, A.R (2005) Programme planning, monitoring and Evaluation in agricultural extension edited by Adedoyin S.F in Agricultural Extension in Nigeria, Agricultural extension Society of Nigeria
Oluyemisi.A. Akinyemiju and Dixon o. Torimiro(2008) Agricultural Extension: A comprehensive treatise. ABC agricultural systems Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.
The World Bank (2021) Integrating a Gender Dimension into Monitoring & Evaluation of Rural Development Projects. Prepared by: Lucía Fort, Beatriz Leilani Martínez and Madhuchhanda Mukhopadhyay. The World Bank Washington,
DC http://www.worldbank.org/gender
World Bank/ International Fund for Agricultural Development (2012) Gender in Agriculture. Gender in agriculture Source book
World Bank. n.d. World Bank Operational Manual. Washington, DC: World Bank