CAPITULO II MARCO TEÓRICO
FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA DESARROLLAR DM
Individual model Set of
interactions
Interactions tested Wald test results Model 1: Economic disadvantage (ED) 1 ED × grade × sex ED × grade2 × sex F(2)=1.70; p=0.17 2 ED × grade ED × grade2 F(2)=1.72; p=0.18 3 Sex × grade Sex × grade2 F(2)=2.98; p=0.05a Model 2:
Residential instability (RI)
1 RI × grade × sex RI × grade2 × sex F(2)=1.13; p=0.32 2 RI × grade RI × grade2 F(2)=1.46; p=0.23 3 Sex × grade Sex × grade2 F(2)=2.99; p=0.05a Model 3:
Ethnic heterogeneity (EH)
1 EH × grade × sex EH × grade2 × sex F(2)=0.00; p=0.99 2 EH × grade EH × grade2 F(2)=0.30; p=0.74 3 Sex × grade Sex × grade2 F(2)=2.86; p=0.06 Model 4:
Collective efficacy (CE)
1 CE × grade × sex CE × grade2 × sex F(2)=0.73; p=0.48 2 CE × grade CE × grade2 F(2)=0.88; p=0.41 3 Sex × grade Sex × grade2 F(2)=3.04; p=0.05a Model 5: Physical disorder (PD) 1 PD × grade × sex PD × grade2 × sex F(2)=0.98;p=0.38 2 PD × grade PD × grade2 F(2)=1.28; p=0.28 3 Sex × grade Sex × grade2 F(2)=3.00; p=0.05a Note. a Although Wald test was significant, individual interactions were not significant (p>.05).
123
APPENDIX 2: THE MULTIVARIATE WALD TESTS RESULTS FOR MODELS TESTING SETS OF INTERACTIONS IN STUDY 2 (N=1,623)
Individual model Set of
interactions
Interactions tested Wald test results Model 1: Economic disadvantage (ED) 1 ED × CE × grade ED × CE × grade2 F(2)=0.81; p=0.45 2 ED × grade ED × grade2 F(2)=1.34; p=0.26 3 CE × grade CE × grade2 F(2)=1.20; p=0.30 Model 2:
Residential instability (RI)
1 RI × CE × grade RI × CE × grade2 F(2)=0.65; p=0.53 2 RI × grade RI × grade2 F(2)=0.91; p=0.40 3 CE × grade CE × grade2 F(2)=1.18; p=0.31 Model 3:
Ethnic heterogeneity (EH)
1 EH × CE × grade EH × CE × grade2 F(2)=4.38; p=0.01a 2 EH × grade EH × grade2 F(2)=1.44; p=0.24 3 CE × grade CE × grade2 F(2)=0.08; p=0.92 Model 4: Physical disorder (PD) 1 PD × CE × grade PD × CE × grade2 F(2)=2.07; p=0.13 2 PD × grade PD × grade2 F(2)=0.58; p=0.56 3 CE × grade CE × grade2 F(2)=1.23; p=0.29 Note. a Although Wald test was significant, individual interactions were not significant (p>.05). CE: Collective efficacy. We did not apply Wald test in boys’ models because there was no time components (i.e., grade and grade2) in boys’ physical dating violence perpetration trajectories.
124 REFERENCES
Ackard, D. M., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Long-term impact of
adolescent dating violence on the behavioral and tsychological health of male and female youth. Journal of Pediatrics, 151(5), 476-481. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.034
Allison, P. D. (2000). Multiple imputation for missing data - A cautionary tale. Sociological Methods & Research, 28(3), 301-309. doi: 10.1177/0049124100028003003
Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651-680. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.126.5.651 Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 1-45). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Banyard, V. L., & Cross, C. (2008). Consequences of teen dating violence - Understanding intervening variables in ecological context. Violence against Women, 14(9), 998-1013. doi: 10.1177/1077801208322058
Bebout, R. R., Drake, R. E., Xie, H. Y., McHugo, G. J., & Harris, M. (1997). Housing status among formerly homeless dually diagnosed adults. Psychiatric Services, 48(7), 936-941. Benson, M. L., Fox, G. L., DeMaris, A., & Van Wyk, J. (2003). Neighborhood disadvantage,
individual economic distress and violence against women in intimate relationships.
Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19(3), 207-235.
Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Neighborhood structure, parenting processes, and the development of youths' externalizing behaviors: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31(1-2), 35-53. Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. New
York: Free Press.
Boslaugh, S. E., Luke, D. A., Brownson, R. C., Naleid, K. S., & Kreuter, M. W. (2004). Perceptions of neighborhood environment for physical activity: Is it "who you are" or "where you live"? Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 81(4), 671-681. doi: 10.1093/jurban/jth150
Bossarte, R. M., Simon, T. R., & Swahn, M. H. (2008). Clustering of adolescent dating violence, peer violence, and suicidal behavior. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(6), 815-833. doi: 10.1177/0886260507313950
Brody, G. H., Ge, X. J., Conger, R., Gibbons, F. X., Murry, V. M., Gerrard, M., & Simons, R. L. (2001). The influence of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and
parenting on African American children's affiliation with deviant peers. Child Development, 72(4), 1231-1246. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00344
125
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Brown, A., Cosgrave, E., Killackey, E., Purcell, R., Buckby, J., & Yung, A. R. (2009). The Longitudinal Association of Adolescent Dating Violence With Psychiatric Disorders and Functioning. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24(12), 1964-1979. doi:
10.1177/0886260508327700
Browning, C. R. (2002). The span of collective efficacy: Extending social disorganization theory to partner violence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64(4), 833-850.
Browning, C. R., Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2004). Neighborhood context and racial differences in early adolescent sexual activity. Demography, 41(4), 697-720. doi: 10.1353/dem.2004.0029
Bukowski, W. M., & Sandberg, D. (1999). Peer relationships and quality of life. Acta Paediatrica, 88, 108-109. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb14365.x
Bursik, R. J. (1999). The informal control of crime through neighborhood networks. Sociological focus, 32(1), 85-97.
Byrnes, H. F., Chen, M. J., Miller, B. A., & Maguin, E. (2007). The relative importance of mothers' and youths' neighborhood perceptions for youth alcohol use and delinquency.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(5), 649-659. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9154-2 Caetano, R., Ramisetty-Mikler, S., & Harris, T. R. (2010). Neighborhood Characteristics as
Predictors of Male to Female and Female to Male Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 1986-2009. doi: 10.1177/0886260509354497 Cantillon, D. (2006). Community social organization, parents, and peers as mediators of
perceived neighborhood block characteristics on delinquent and prosocial activities. Am J Community Psychol, 37(1-2), 111-127. doi: 10.1007/s10464-005-9000-9
Champion, H., Foley, K. L., Sigmon-Smith, K., Sutfin, E. L., & DuRant, R. H. (2008). Contextual factors and health risk behaviors associated with date fighting among high school students. Women & Health, 47(3), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/03630240802132286 Chuang, Y. C., Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., & Foshee, V. A. (2005). Neighborhood influences
on adolescent cigarette and alcohol use: mediating effects through parent and peer behaviors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(2), 187-204.
Chung, H. L., & Docherty, M. (2011). The Protective Function of Neighborhood Social Ties on Psychological Health. American Journal of Health Behavior, 35(6), 785-796.
Chung, H. L., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Relations between neighborhood factors, parenting behaviors, peer deviance, and delinquency among serious juvenile offenders.
126
Cohen, D. A., Inagami, S., & Finch, B. (2008). The built environment and collective efficacy.
Health & Place, 14(2), 198-208. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.001
Cohen, D. A., Mason, K., Bedimo, A., Scribner, R., Basolo, V., & Farley, T. A. (2003).
Neighborhood physical conditions and health. American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 467-471. doi: 10.2105/ajph.93.3.467
Coker, A. L., McKeown, R. E., Sanderson, M., Davis, K. E., Valois, R. F., & Huebner, E. S. (2000). Severe dating violence and quality of life among South Carolina high school students. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19(4), 220-227. doi: 10.1016/s0749- 3797(00)00227-0
Cook, T. D., Herman, M. R., Phillips, M., & Settersten, R. A. (2002). Some ways in which neighborhoods, nuclear families, friendship groups, and schools jointly affect changes in early adolescent development. Child Development, 73(4), 1283-1309. doi: 10.1111/1467- 8624.00472
Cornelius, T. L., Shorey, R. C., & Beebe, S. M. (2010). Self-Reported Communication Variables and Dating Violence: Using Gottman's Marital Communication Conceptualization.
Journal of Family Violence, 25(4), 439-448. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9305-9 Cradock, A. L., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Gortmaker, S. L., & Buka, S. L. (2009).
Neighborhood social cohesion and youth participation in physical activity in Chicago.
Social Science & Medicine, 68(3), 427-435. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.028 Cunradi, C. B. (2007a). Drinking level, neighborhood social disorder, and mutual intimate
partner violence. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(6), 1012-1019. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00382.x
Cunradi, C. B. (2007b). Intimate partner violence among hispanic men & women: The role of drinking, neighborhood disorder, & acculturation-related factors. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(6), 113A-113A.
Cunradi, C. B., Caetano, R., Clark, C., & Schafer, J. (2000). Neighborhood poverty as a predictor of intimate partner violence among white, black, and Hispanic couples in the United States: A multilevel analysis. Annals of Epidemiology, 10(5), 297-308.
De Boo, G. M., & Spiering, M. (2010). Pre-Adolescent Gender Differences in Associations between Temperament, Coping, and Mood. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 17(4), 313-320. doi: 10.1002/cpp.664
De Coster, S., Heimer, K., & Wittrock, S. M. (2006). Neighborhood disadvantage, social capital, street context, and youth violence. Sociological Quarterly, 47(4), 723-753.
De Haan, L., Boljevac, T., & Schaefer, K. (2010). Rural Community Characteristics, Economic Hardship, and Peer and Parental Influences in Early Adolescent Alcohol Use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(5), 629-650. doi: 10.1177/0272431609341045
127
Dekeseredy, W. S., Schwartz, M. D., & Tomaszewski, E. A. (2003). Perceived collective efficacy and women's victimization in public housing. Criminal Justice, 3(1), 5-27. DeMaris, A., Benson, M. L., Fox, G. L., Hill, T., & Van Wyk, J. (2003). Distal and proximal
factors in domestic violence: A test of an integrated model. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65(3), 652-667.
Dent, C., & Biglan, A. (2004). Relation between access to tobacco and adolescent smoking.
Tobacco Control, 13(4), 334-338. doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.004861
Dishion, T. J., & McMahon, R. J. (1998). Parental monitoring and the prevention of child and adolescent problem behavior: a conceptual and empirical formulation. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev, 1(1), 61-75.
Drukker, M., Kaplan, C., Feron, F., & van Os, J. (2003). Children's health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. A contextual analysis.
Social Science & Medicine, 57(5), 825-841. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00453-7 Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., Okut, H., Strycker, L. A., & Hix-Small, H. (2003). A multilevel
contextual model of neighborhood collective efficacy. American journal of community psychology, 32(3-4), 245-252. doi: 10.1023/B:AJCP.0000004745.90888.af
Dupere, V., Lacourse, E., Willms, J. D., Leventhal, T., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008). Neighborhood poverty and early transition to sexual activity in young adolescents: A developmental ecological approach. Child Development, 79(5), 1463-1476. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 8624.2008.01199.x
Echeverria, S., Diez-Roux, A. V., Shea, S., Borrell, L. N., & Jackson, S. (2008). Associations of neighborhood problems and neighborhood social cohesion with mental health and health behaviors: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health & Place, 14(4), 853-865. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.01.004
Elliott, D. S., Wilson, W. J., Huizinga, D., Sampson, R. J., Elliott, A., & Rankin, B. (1996). The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33(4), 389-426. doi: 10.1177/0022427896033004002
Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., Hussong, A., Faris, R., Foshee, V. A., Cai, L., & DuRant, R. H. (2006). The peer context of adolescent substance use: Findings from social network analysis. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(2), 159-186. doi: 10.1111/j.1532- 7795.2006.00127.x
Evenson, K. R., Sotres-Alvarez, D., Herring, A. H., Messer, L., Laraia, B. A., & Rodriguez, D. A. (2009). Assessing urban and rural neighborhood characteristics using audit and GIS data: derivation and reliability of constructs. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 6, 44.
128
Fagan, A. A., & Wright, E. M. (2012). The Effects of Neighborhood Context on Youth Violence and Delinquency: Does Gender Matter? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10(1), 64- 82. doi: 10.1177/1541204011422086
Farrell, A. D., Sullivan, T. N., Esposito, L. E., Meyer, A. L., & Valois, R. F. (2005). A latent growth curve analysis of the structure of aggression, drug use, and delinquent behaviors and their interrelations over time in urban and rural adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(2), 179-203. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00091.x
Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2002). Male and female offending trajectories.
Development and Psychopathology, 14(1), 159-177. doi: 10.1017/s0954579402001098 Fitchen, J. M. (1994). Residential mobility among the rural poor Rural Sociology, 59(3), 416-436. Follingstad, D. R., Bradley, R. G., Laughlin, J. E., & Burke, L. (1999). Risk factors and
correlates of dating violence: the relevance of examining frequency and severity levels in a college sample. Violence Vict, 14(4), 365-380.
Foshee, V. A., Benefield, T., Suchindran, C., Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., . . . Mathias, J. (2009). The Development of Four Types of Adolescent Dating Abuse and Selected Demographic Correlates. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19(3), 380- 400.
Foshee, V. A., Benefield, T. S., Reyes, H. L. M., Ennett, S. T., Faris, R., Chang, L., . . .
Suchindran, C. M. (2013). The peer context and the development of the perpetration of adolescent dating violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 471-486. doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-9915-7
Foshee, V. A., Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Reyes, H. L. M., Ennett, S. T., Suchindran, C., Bauman, K. E., & Benefield, T. S. (2008). What accounts for demographic differences in trajectories of adolescent dating violence? An examination of intrapersonal and contextual mediators.
Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(6), 596-604. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.11.005 Foshee, V. A., Linder, F., MacDougall, J. E., & Bangdiwala, S. (2001). Gender differences in the
longitudinal predictors of adolescent dating violence. Preventive Medicine, 32(2), 128- 141.
Foshee, V. A., Linder, G. F., Bauman, K. E., Langwick, S. A., Arriaga, X. B., Heath, J. L., . . . Bangdiwala, S. (1996). The safe dates project: Theoretical basis, evaluation design, and selected baseline findings. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12(5), 39-47. Foshee, V. A., & Matthew, R. A. (2007). Adolescent dating abuse perpetration: A review of
findings, methodological limitations and suggestions for future research. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fox, G. L., & Benson, M. L. (2006). Household and neighborhood contexts of intimate partner violence. Public Health Reports, 121(4), 419-427.
129
Gapen, M., Cross, D., Ortigo, K., Graham, A., Johnson, E., Evces, M., . . . Bradley, B. (2011). Perceived Neighborhood Disorder, Community Cohesion, and PTSD Symptoms Among Low-Income African Americans in an Urban Health Setting. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 31-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01069.x
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 97-111. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00276.x
Gault, M., & Silver, E. (2008). Spuriousness or mediation? Broken windows according to Sampson and Raudenbush (1999). Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(3), 240-243. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.04.004
Gibson, C. L., Morris, S. Z., & Beaver, K. M. (2009). Secondary Exposure to Violence During Childhood and Adolescence: Does Neighborhood Context Matter? Justice Quarterly, 26(1), 30-57. doi: 10.1080/07418820802119968
Giordano, P. C., Soto, D. A., Manning, W. D., & Longmore, M. A. (2010). The characteristics of romantic relationships associated with teen dating violence. Social Science Research, 39(6), 863-874. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.03.009
Gomez, A. M. (2011). Testing the Cycle of Violence Hypothesis: Child Abuse and Adolescent Dating Violence as Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood. Youth & Society, 43(1), 171-192. doi: 10.1177/0044118x09358313
Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Sheidow, A. J., & Henry, D. B. (2001). Partner violence and street violence among urban adolescents: Do the same family factors relate? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(3), 273-295. doi: 10.1111/1532-7795.00013
Gracia, E., & Herrero, J. (2007). Perceived neighborhood social disorder and attitudes toward reporting domestic violence against women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(6), 737-752. doi: 10.1177/0886260507300755
Grafova, I. B. (2008). Overweight children: Assessing the contribution of the built environment.
Preventive Medicine, 47(3), 304-308. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.012
Greenley, J. R. (1986). Social control and expressed emotion. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(1), 24-30. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198601000-00004
Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74(5), 1561-1576. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00623
Halpern, C. T., Spriggs, A. L., Martin, S. L., & Kupper, L. L. (2009). Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization from Adolescence to Young Adulthood in a Nationally
Representative Sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(5), 508-516. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.011
130
Harbour, C. (2012). Descriptive Norms and Male Youth Smoking in Rural Minya, Egypt: A Multilevel Analysis of Household and Neighborhood Normative Influences. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(7), 840-848. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntr296
Hart, D., & Marmorstein, N. R. (2009). Neighborhoods and genes and everything in between: Understanding adolescent aggression in social and biological contexts. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 961-973. doi: 10.1017/s0954579409000510
Haynie, D. L., Silver, E., & Teasdale, B. (2006). Neighborhood characteristics, peer networks, and adolescent violence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(2), 147-169. doi: 10.1007/s10940-006-9006-y
Hennessy, E., Kraak, V. I., Hyatt, R. R., Bloom, J., Fenton, M., Wagoner, C., & Economos, C. D. (2010). Active Living for Rural Children Community Perspectives Using PhotoVOICE.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(6), 537-545. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.013
Herzog, S. (2009). Ethnic and immigrant residential concentration, and crime rates. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(5), 427-434. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.07.002
Hill, G. D., & Atkinson, M. P. (1988). Gender, familial control, and delinquency. Criminology, 26(1), 127-149. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00835.x
Hines, D. A., & Straus, M. A. (2007). Binge drinking and violence against dating partners: The mediating effect of antisocial traits and Behaviors in a multinational perspective.
Aggressive Behavior, 33(5), 441-457. doi: 10.1002/ab.20196
Hurlburt, M. S., Hough, R. L., & Wood, P. A. (1996). Effects of substance abuse on housing stability of homeless mentally ill persons in supported housing. Psychiatric Services, 47(7), 731-736.
Ingoldsby, E. M., & Shaw, D. S. (2002). Neighborhood contextual factors and early-starting antisocial pathways. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(1), 21-55. doi: 10.1023/a:1014521724498
Ingoldsby, E. M., Shaw, D. S., Winslow, E., Schonberg, M., Gilliom, M., & Criss, M. M. (2006). Neighborhood disadvantage, parent-child conflict, neighborhood peer relationships, and early antisocial behavior problem trajectories. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(3), 303-319. doi: 10.1007/s10802-006-9026-y
Jacoby, J., & Sassenberg, K. (2011). It takes four to tango: Why a variable cannot be a mediator and a moderator at the same time. Unpublished manuscript. Knowledge Media Research Center.
Jain, S., Buka, S. L., Subramanian, S. V., & Molnar, B. E. (2010). Neighborhood Predictors of Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration in Young Adulthood: A Multilevel Study.
131
Jelleyman, T., & Spencer, N. (2008). Residential mobility in childhood and health outcomes: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(7), 584-592. doi: 10.1136/jech.2007.060103
Jencks, C., & Mayers, S. E. (Eds.). (1990). The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Johnson, S. L. (2009). Improving the school environment to reduce school violence: a review of the literature. J Sch Health, 79(10), 451-465.
Johnson, S. R. L., Finigan, N. M., Bradshaw, C. P., Haynie, D. L., & Cheng, T. L. (2011). Examining the Link Between Neighborhood Context and Parental Messages to Their Adolescent Children About Violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(1), 58-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.10.014
Jouriles, E. N., Mueller, V., Rosenfield, D., McDonald, R., & Dodson, M. C. (2012). Teens' Experiences of Hush Parenting and Exposure to Severe Intimate Partner Violence:
Adding Insult to Injury in Predicting Teen Dating Violence. Psychology of Violence, 2(2), 125-138. doi: 10.1037/a0027264
Kalff, A. C., Kroes, M., Vles, J. S. H., Hendriksen, J. G. M., Feron, F. J. M., Steyaert, J., . . . van Os, J. (2001). Neighbourhood level and individual level SES effects on child problem behaviour: a multilevel analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(4), 246-250.
Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Foshee, V. A., Ennett, S. T., & Suchindran, C. (2009). Sex Differences in the Effects of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Social Organization on Rural Adolescents' Aggression Trajectories. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(3-4), 189-203. doi: 10.1007/s10464-009-9236-x
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2003). Neighborhoods and Health. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Kaylen, M. T., & Pridemore, W. A. (2011). A Reassessment of the Association Between Social Disorganization and Youth Violence in Rural Areas. Social Science Quarterly, 92(4), 978-1001. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2011.00808.x
Kelling, G. L., & Coles, C. M. (1996). Fixing broken windows: Restoring order and reducing crime in our community. New York: Free Press.
Kim-Godwin, Y. S., Clements, C., McCuiston, A. M., & Fox, J. A. (2009). Dating Violence Among High School Students in Southeastern North Carolina. Journal of School Nursing, 25(2), 141-151. doi: 10.1177/1059840508330679
Kim, J. (2010). Influence of neighbourhood collective efficacy on adolescent sexual behaviour: variation by gender and activity participation. Child Care Health and Development, 36(5), 646-654. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01096.x
132
Kim, J., & Ross, C. E. (2009). Neighborhood-specific and general social support: Which buffers the effect of neighborhood disorder on depression? . Journal of Community Psychology, 37(6), 725-736. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20327