2. MARCO TEÓRICO
2.2. CLIMA ESCOLAR
2.2.1. Factores socio-ambientales e interpersonales en el centro escolar (aula de clase)
Table 4.15 shows the effect of living condition on academic performance in on-and off-campus housing. The respondents that indicated positive have the highest percentage in on-campus housing and respondents that indicated negative have the highest percentage in off-campus housing. In on-campus housing, respondents that indicated positive have 65.7% and respondents that indicated negative with 34.3%.
While in off-campus housing respondents that indicated negative have 55.2% and respondents that indicated positive with 44.8%. Most of the respondents indicated that their living condition has either positively or negatively affected their academic performance in on-and off-campus housing, due to the circumstances in which they found themselves.
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Table 4.15: The Effect of Living Condition on Academic Performance
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
Effect of Living condition on academic performance
On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Positive 228 65.7 293 44.8
Negative 119 34.3 361 55.2
Total 347 100.0 654 100.0
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125 Table 4.16: The CGPA of 2009/2010 Session (On-campus Housing)
S/N Hall of Residence Undergraduate Grades Postgraduate Graduates
1.00-1.59 1.60-2.59 2.60-4.59 4.60-5.99 6.00-7.00 40.00 -49.99 50.00-54.99 55.00-59.99 60.00-100.00 1. Independence 3(7.89%) 7(18.42%) 11(28.94%) 12(31.58%) 5(13.16%) - - - 38(10.95%) 2. Ransome Kuti 3(8.33%) 5(13.89%) 9(25%) 14(38.89%) 5(13.89%) - - - 36(10.37%) 3. Queen Idia 2(6.90%) 6(20.69%) 9(31.03%) 9(31.03%) 3(10.34%) - - - 29(8.36%) 4. Mellanby 1(3.23%) 5(16.13%) 8(25.81%) 13(41.94%) 4(12.90%)- - - - 31(8.93%) 5. Nnamdi Azikiwe 4(10%) 7(17.5%) 11(27.5%) 13(32.5%) 5(12.5%) - - - 40(11.53%) 6. Obafemi Awolowo 1(3.23%) 2(6.45%) 7(22.58%) 7(22.58%) 2(6.45%) 1(3.23%) 2(6.45%) 7(22.58%) 31(8.93%) 7. Queen Elizabeth 1(4.17%) 5(20.83%) 10(41.67%) 6(25%) 2(8.33%) - - - 24(6.92%) 8. Sultan Bello 1(4.17%) 3(12.5%) 5(20.83%) 10(41.67%) 5(20.83%) - - - 24(6.92%)
9. Tafawa Balewa - - - 12(44.44%) 15(55.55%) 27(7.78%)
10. Tedder 1(3.33%) 4(13.335) 6(20%) 14(46.67%) 5(16.67%) - - - 30(8.65%) 11. New PG Hall - - - - 3(12.5%) 2(8.33%) 7(29.17%) 12(50%) 24(6.92%) 12. Alexander Browr Hall 1(7.695) (15.385) 3(23.08%) 5(38.465) 2(15.38%) - - - 13(3.75%) Total: 18(5.19%) 46(13.26%) 79(22.77%) 103(29.68%) 103(29.68%) 38(10.95%) 4(1.15%) 4(1.15%) 21(6.05%) 34(9.80%) 347(100%) Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.16 shows the CGPA of 2009/2010 session of each hall for on-campus housing respondents. The CGPA result shows the grade distribution of respondents in various categories or levels in their various halls, departments and faculties which were collected from the university authorities. The respondents in Ransome Kuti and Tedder hall have the highest respondents between 4.60-5.99 grades with 38.89% and 46.66%, followed by Nnamdi Azikiwe and Mellanby hall with 32.5% and 41.94%, Independence hall have 31.58% and Sultan Bello hall have 41.67%, Queen Idia have 31.03%, Obafemi Awolowo hall have 22.58%, Queen Elizabeth II hall have 25% and Alexander Brown hall have 38.46%. The respondents were mostly in between 4.60-5.99 with 29.68%, followed by 2.60-4.59 grades with 22.77%, 1.60-2.59 grades with 13.26%, 6.00-7.00 grades with 10.95% and 1.00-1.59 grades have 5.19%. 40.63% on-campus students made at least second class upper division (4.60-5.99). Most of the respondents for postgraduate studies falls within the range of 60.00-100.00 grades. The CGPA grading system for undergraduate students is different from that of postgraduate students. Most of the respondents in on-campus category believed that they academically perform better than the off-campus students, due to the basic infrastructural facilities provided by the university authorities which they lack in off-campus housing.
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127 Table 4.17: The CGPA of 2009/2010 Session (Off-campus Housing)
Undergraduate Grades Postgraduate Grades
S/N Off-Campus Hostels and Private Houses
1.00-1.59 1.60-2.59 2.60-4.59 4.60-5.99 6.00-7.00 40.00-49.99 50.00-54.99 55.00-59.99 60.00-100.00
Total
1 Dr.Aighoje Hostel
1(16.67%) 1(16.67) 1(16.67%) 1(16.67%) 1(16.67%) - 1(16.67%) - - 6(0.92%)
2 Ajike Hostel
- 3(25%) 4(33.33%) 3(25%) - - - 1(8.33%) 1(8.33%) 12(1.83%)
3 Achievers Girls Hostel
- 3(37.5%) 1(12.5%) 2(25%) 1(12.5%) - - - 1(12.5%) 8(1.22%)
4 Olayinka Hostel
1(20%) 1(20%) 1(20%) 1(20%) - - - 1(20%) - 5(0.76%)
5 Ile-eja Hostel
- 3(30%) 3(30%) 3(30%) - 1(10%) - - - 10(1.53%)
6 Luxury Hostel
1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) - - - - - 4(0.61%)
7 Ramat Hostel
- 2(20%) 3(30%) 3(30%) - - - 1(10%) 1(10%) 10(1.53%)
8 Banuso Hostel
- 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) - - - 1(25%) - 4(0.61%)
9 Derano Hostel
1(20%) 1(20%) 1(20%) - - - 1(20%) - 1(20%) 5(0.76%)
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128 10 Movas
Hostel
- 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) - - - - 1(25%) 4(0.61%)
11 Dada Hostel
1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) - - 1(25%) - - - 4(0.61%)
12 Ayun Hostel
- 3(37.5%) 2(25%) 3(37.5%) - - - 8(1.22%)
13 Bova Hostel
- 3(42.86%) 1(14.29%) 3(42.86%) - - - 7(1.07%)
14 Amowo Hostel
1(20%) 1(20%) 1(20%) 1(20%) - - 1(20%) - - 5(0.76%)
15 Simcas Hostel
1(20%) 1(20%) 2(40%) 1(20%) - - - 5(0.76%)
16 Moremi Hostel
- 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) - 1(25%) - - - 4(0.61%)
17 Oniyaro Hostel
- 3(50%) 1(16.67%) 2(33.33%) - - - 6(0.92%)
18 Mouka Hostel
1(20%) 1(20%) 1(20%) 1(20%) - - 1(20%) - - 5(0.76%)
19 Gracilias Hostel
- 3(50%) 1(16.67%) 2(33.33%) - - - 6(0.92%)
20 Laurel Hostel
- 3(60%) 1(20%) 1(20%) - - - 5(0.76%)
21 Davidof Hostel
- 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) - - 1(25%) - - 4(0.61%)
22 Anchorage Quarters
- 3(30%) 4(40%) 2(20%) - - - - 1(10%) 10(1.53%)
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23 Agbowo 15(9.61%) 33(21.15%) 45(28.85%) 23(14.74%) 14(8.97%) 12(7.69%) 11(7.05%) - 3(1.92%) 156(23.85%
)
24 Apete 1(4%) 3(12%) 14(56%) 3(12%) 2(8%) 1(4%) - - 1(4%) 25(3.82%)
25 Ojoo 5(15.63%) 4(12.5%) 12(37.5%) 3(9.38%) - - - 4(12.5%) 4(12.5%) 32(4.89%)
26 Bodija - 2(20%) 3(30%) 3(30%) - - 1(10%) - 1(10%) 10(1.53%)
27 Orogun 5(10.42%) 7(14.58%) 14(29.17%) 7(0.46%) - 5(10.42%) - 5(10.42%) 5(10.42%) 48(7.34%)
28 Olororo 6(13.04%) 10(02174%) 17(36.96%) 7(15.22%) - - - - 6(13.04%) 46(7.03%)
29 Ajibode 9(10.71%) 11(13.09%) 20(23.81%) 11(13.09%) 12(14.29%) 10(11.90%) - - 11(13.09%) 84(12.84%) 30 Samonda 5(9.26%) 10(18.52%) 17(31.48%) 7(12.96%) 5(9.26%) - - 5(9.26%) 5(9.26%) 54(8.26%)
31 Sango - 7(17.07%) 16(39.02%) 8(19.51%) - - 5(12.20%) - 5(12.20%) 41(6.27%)
32 Basorun 1(4.76%) 2(9.52%) 12(57.14%) 3(14.29%) 1(4.76%) - - 1(4.76%) 1(4.76%) 21(3.21%) Total 55(8.41%) 130(19.88%
)
204(31.19%) 109(16.67%) 36(5.39%) 31(4.74%) 22(3.36%) 19(2.91%) 48(7.34%) 654 (100%) Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.17 shows the CGPA of 2009/2010 session of each private hostel and house for off-campus housing respondents. The CGPA result shows the grade distribution of respondents in various categories or levels in their various halls, departments and faculties which were collected from the Fieldwork and university authorities. The respondents in Agbowo area has the highest 2.60-4.59 grades with 28.85%, followed by Ajibode area with 23.81% Olororo area and Samonda area with 36.96% and 31.48%, Sango area with 39.02%, Orogun area and Apete area with 29.17% and 56%, Ojoo area and Basorun area with 37.5%
and 57.14%, Anchorage Quarters and Ajike hostel with 40% and 33.33%, Bodija area, Ile-eja hostel and Ramat hostel with 30%, Ayun hostel and Simcas hostel with 25% and 40%, Olayinka hostel (20%), Dr. Aighoje hostel (16.67%), Derano hostel (20%), Amowo hostel (20%), Davidof hostel (25%), Achievers Girls hostel (12.5%), Luxury hostel (25%), Banuso hostel (25%), Movas hostel (25%), Dada hostel (25%), Bova hostel (14.29%) and Moremi hostel (25%). The respondents were mostly in between 2.60-4.59 grades with 31.19%, followed by 1.00-1.59 grades with 19.88%, 4.60-5.99 grades with 16.67, 1.00-1.59 grades have 8.41% and 6.00-700 grades with 5.39%. 22.06% off-campus students made at least second class upper division.
Most of the respondents for postgraduate studies falls within the 60.00-100.00 grades.
The CGPA grading system for undergraduate students is different from that of postgraduate students. On-campus students generally had better academic performance than off-campus students based on the year's CGPA. Respondents in off-campus housing believed that if their landlords can improve on the infrastructures within their houses then they will perform better than on-campus students'.
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131 Table 4.18: Main Motivational Factors
Motivational Factors On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Emulating others reading 57 16.4 71 10.9
Towards exam 45 13.0 84 12.8
Parents encourage you 35 10.1 119 18.2
Result (CGPA) 37 10.7 125 19.1
Determination 173 49.8 255 39.0
Total 347 100.0 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.18 shows the opinion of respondents in their quest for success (main motivational factors) in on-and off-campus housing. Respondents with determination have the highest percentage in on-and off-campus housing. In on-campus housing, respondents with determination have 49.8%, followed by emulating others reading with 16.4%, towards exam has 13.0%, result (CGPA) respondents with 10.7%, respondents parents encourage them with 10.1%, while in off-campus housing, respondents with determination has 39.0%, followed by result (CGPA) respondents with 19.1%, respondents whose parents encourage them have 18.2%, towards exam respondents with 12.8% and emulating others reading with 10.9%.
Most of the respondents indicated that the key word that motivated them to read is determination in on-and off-campus housing.
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133 Table 4.19: Main Place of Reading
Place of reading On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Reading room 103 29.7 82 12.5
Library 148 42.7 352 53.8
Bed/Room 96 27.6 220 33.7
Total 347 100.0 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.19 shows the opinion of respondents in their main place of reading in on-and off-campus housing. Respondents that indicated reading in the Library have the highest percentage in on-and off-campus housing. In on-campus housing, respondents that indicated library have 42.7%, followed by respondents that indicated reading room with 29.7%, and bed/room with 27.6%, while in off-campus housing respondents that indicated library have 53.8%, followed by respondents that indicated bed/room with 33.7%, and reading room with 12.5%. Most of the respondents indicated that they preferred to read in the library in on-and off-campus housing and that it is a conducive and convenient place to learn and it reduces noise, distraction from friends, neighbours and colleagues.
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135 Table 4.20: Main Period of Reading
Period of Reading On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Morning 150 43.2 235 35.9
Afternoon 84 24.2 209 32.0
Night 113 32.6 210 32.1
Total 347 100.0 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.20 shows the opinion of respondents on their main period of reading in on-and off-campus housing. Respondents that indicated morning have the highest percentage in on-campus housing and off-on-campus. In on-on-campus housing, respondents that indicated morning have 43.2%, followed by respondents that indicated night with 32.6%, and respondents that indicated afternoon with 24.2%, while in off-campus housing, respondents that indicated morning have 35.9%, followed by respondents that indicated night with 32.1%, and afternoon with 32.0%. Most of the respondents indicated that they preferred to read in the morning in on-campus housing and also most of the respondents preferred to read in the morning in off-campus housing. They believed that it is the best time they can properly assimilate due to lesser stress and good sleep at night.
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Table 4.21: Average Length of Stay in Reading Room Average Length of Stay in
Reading Room
On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
100 149 42.9 225 34.4
80 59 17.0 82 12.5
60 46 13.3 150 22.9
40 33 9.5 151 23.1
20 60 17.3 46 7.1
Total 347 100.0 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.21 shows the opinion of respondents average length of stay in reading room in on-and off-campus housing. Respondents that indicated 100 hours have the highest percentage in on-campus housing and respondents that indicated 100 hours have the highest percentage in off-campus housing. In on-off-campus housing, respondents that indicated 100 hours have 42.9%, followed by respondents that indicated 20 hours with 17.3%, followed by respondents that indicated 80 hours with 17.0%, followed by respondents that indicated 60 hours with 13.3%, and respondents that indicated 40 hours with 9.5%, while in off-campus housing, respondents that indicated 100 hours have 34.4%, followed by respondents that indicated 40 hours with 23.1%, followed by respondents that indicated 60 hours with 22.9%, followed by respondents that indicated 80 hours with 12.5%, and respondents that indicated 20 hours with 7.1%. Most of the on-and off-campus respondents indicated that they spent not less than 100 hours.
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Table 4.22: Effect of Distance on Academic Performance
Distance and academic On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Performance Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Positively 231 66.6 293 44.8
Negatively 116 33.4 361 55.2
Total 347 100.0 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.22 shows the effect of distance on academic performance in on-campus and off-campus housing. The respondents that indicated positive have the highest percentage in on-campus housing and respondents that indicated negative have the highest percentage in off-campus housing. In on-off-campus housing, respondents that indicated positive have 66.6% and negative with 33.4%, while in off-campus housing, respondents that indicated negative have 55.2% and positive with 44.8%. Most of the respondents indicated that closeness of the halls has positive effect on their academic performance in on-campus housing due to closeness of their halls to their lecture hall and most of the off-campus respondents indicated that distance of their house has negative effect on their academic performance due to the long distance they would embark on before getting to their lecture hall.
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141 Table 4.23: Relationship with Their Lecturers Relationship with their
lecturers
On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Very cordial 60 17.3 132 20.2
Cordial 202 58.2 364 55.7
Not cordial 85 24.5 158 24.1
Total 347 100.0 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.23 shows the opinion of respondents with regard to their relationship with their lecturers in on-and off-campus housing. Respondents that indicated Cordial have the highest percentage in on-campus and off-campus housing. In on-campus housing, respondents that indicated cordial have 58.2%, followed by respondents that indicated not cordial with 24.5%, and very cordial with 17.3%, while in off-campus housing, respondents that indicated cordial have 55.7%, followed by respondents that indicated not cordial with 24.1%, and very cordial with 20.2%. Most of the respondents indicated that they have cordial relationship with their lecturers in both on-campus and off-campus housing.