NORDICA SALUD
FACTURACION: LOS DIAS 30 DE CADA MES
Assessing the status of a species requires an understanding of the basic biology, ecology, population size and trends over time (Alberta Sustainable Resource
Development and Alberta Conservation Association 2009). Ultimately, more information about the basic ecology of bats is needed to effectively conserve them; however, access to shelter, food, and water resources is necessary to secure the survival of bat populations globally (Fenton and Simmons 2015). Basic information concerning life history strategies and habitat preferences has been collected for the northern long-eared bat, allowing us to make limited inferences about the species and to fill in some knowledge gaps about their habitat use (Alberta Sustainable Resource Development and Alberta Conservation Association 2009).
My research compared variation in roost tree and stand characteristics of non- reproductive female, pregnant and lactating female, and male northern long-eared bats. Logistic regression analyses comparing habitat features of roosts with random plots indicated roost selection by bats reflected the costs of energetic demands of different sex and reproductive classes. Relative to pregnant and lactating females, non-reproductive females in spring selected roosts that had higher percent canopy cover and basal area, situated at lower elevations. These forest conditions likely foster microclimates at lower temperatures insides roosts by reducing solar radiation to promote use of daytime torpor in tree roosting bats (Turbill et al. 2003; Willis et al. 2005; Ruczyński 2006). Pregnant and lactating female bats preferentially chose roost trees at higher elevations in forests with lower basal areas and percent canopies, compared with males and non-reproductive females. These bats were more likely choosing trees with warmer roosting microclimates
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to reduce the cost of maintaining normothermic body temperatures and aid in more rapid development of young.
In this study, the patterns in roost selection observed offer compelling evidence in favor of ‘suitability for daytime torpor’ as a motivating factor behind selection of
roosting sites by northern long-eared bats; however, there was some support for proximity to available resources (landscape) and structural complexity of the habitat (stand) in driving the roost selection of pregnant and lactating female northern long-eared bats. The seasonal differences in roost selection observed between pregnant and lactating and non-reproductive females indicated these two groupings of bats roosted under
differing habitat conditions. My study shows that combining data on roost characteristics across all reproductive and sex classes would mask differences in roost choice between males and females, and among females of differing reproductive conditions, limiting the ability to accurately identify seasonally important roost and stand characteristics of each group across the landscape. Within-season variation is already considered necessary to incorporate into future conservation management plans for threatened and endangered bat species (Brigham et al. 1997; Kalcounis and Brigham 1998; Garroway and Broders 2007; Garroway and Broders 2008), and my data corroborate this recommendation along with the additional consideration of differences between sex classes.
My research also indicates that during the spring and early maternity seasons, roosts of female northern long-eared bats are spatially clustered on the landscape and environmental factors such as elevation, and distances to roads, water, and overwintering hibernacula are important determinants of spatial locations. For at least MCNP, preferred roost locations of female northern long-eared bats are situated within 2,000 m of known
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winter hibernacula and include high elevation, mesic upland deciduous forests in close proximity to water sources and roads. Management of habitats at the stand level is necessary to foster increases in bat colony numbers during the maternity season (O’Donnell 2000; Willis and Brigham 2004; Garroway and Broders 2008). My data suggest there is also a need to consider larger spatial scales when creating management plans for forest-dwelling bats. My findings support the importance of conserving habitat diversity, especially intact and contiguous forests, for the northern long-eared bat.
Reduced colony sizes compared to historical records combined with the results of my mist-net surveys provide further evidence for the decline in northern long-eared bat populations following WNS and are consistent with reports from other states affected by WNS (Francl et al. 2012; Moosman et al. 2013; Reynolds et al. 2016). Capture rates observed during the progression of WNS in MCNP indicate that the fungal disease has led to declines in the overall abundance of several bat species on the landscape, but that severity varied by species. Both the Chi-square Test of Independence and the general linear model analysis demonstrated a decline in northern long-eared bat population numbers and an increase in capture success and relative abundance of evening bats after arrival of WNS. An increase in evening bats combined with the decline in northern long-eared bats may signal a shift in bat assemblages and relative abundances of these two species in the region. A competitive exclusion release could possibly account for the shift in relative abundance observed in the bat assemblage at MCNP after the onset of WNS, especially for evening bats.
Bat populations in the United States, regardless of species, are being threatened by several anthropogenic and ecological forces. It is presently unknown whether these
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trends are temporary or will lead to permanent and lasting shifts in species abundance. Roost tree selection characteristics for differing sex and reproductive conditions at varying habitat scales (i.e., tree, stand, and landscape) should be a considered when assessing habitat use of forest-dwelling bat species. Monitoring bat populations at regional and local scales will also be central in helping with the recovery of WNS affected species, such as the northern long-eared bat, throughout their distribution.
97 APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Means of habitat variables measured at random plots and roost trees of non- reproductive females, pregnant/lactating females, and male northern long-eared bats at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA.
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Appendix 2: Predictor variable significance for all model outcomes with logistic regression for non-reproductive females, pregnant/lactating females and male northern long-eared bats at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA.
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