CAPÍTULO 2. FACTORES INTERNOS QUE MOLDEAN LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR
2.5. La formulación de la política exterior de Corea del Norte
1 Complete these sentences with one of the following words or expressions to best match the English meaning.
ቧᱥ jiù shì, ਠ㾷 zhv yào, 䲚䶔 chúfpi, 㾷у❬/㾷у❬ yàobùrán, ੜࡽ fwuzé a. ֖ᴶླ䇟֖ᕕᕕਹᰟ侣θԌቧՐ侵ᗍруҼ䈴ҼȾ
֖ᴶླ䇉֖ᕕᕕਹᰟ伥θԌቧᴹ佉ᗍруҼ䃨ҼȾ
Nh zuì hfo ràng nh dìdi chc zfofàn, ta jiù huì è de shàngbulifo kè le.
You’d better make your younger brother eat breakfast. Otherwise he will be so hungry that he won’t be able to go to class.
b. ֖䈭֖ᕕᕕⵁ⭫ᖧθԌቧՐ儎ުȾ ֖䄁֖ᕕᕕⵁ䴱ᖧθԌቧᴹ儎㠾Ⱦ
Nh qhng nh dìdi kàn diànyhng, ta jiù huì gaoxìng.
As long as you invite your little brother to see the movie he will be happy. c. ֖ᑤ֖ᕕᕕڐ֒ѐθԌڐуᇂȾ
֖ᒡ֖ᕕᕕڐ֒ᾣθԌڐуᇂȾ
Nh bang nh dìdi zuò zuòyè, ta zuòbuwán.
Unless you help your brother do his homework he will not finish it. d. ֖ᴶླᑤ֖Ⲻᕕᕕڐ֒ѐθԌ㘹уླȾ
֖ᴶླᒡ֖Ⲻᕕᕕڐ֒ᾣθԌ㘹уླȾ
Nh zuìhfo bang nh de dìdì zuò zuòyè, ta kfo bù hfo.
You’d better help your brother do his homework. Otherwise, he will do poorly on the test.
e. ֖⭞ࣕθ֖жᇐ㘹ᗍрཝᆜȾ ֖⭞ࣕθ֖жᇐ㘹ᗍрཝᆮȾ
Nh yònggdng, nh ycdìng kfodeshàng dàxué.
As long as you are hardworking, you will definitely get into college. f. ֖ᑤ֖Ⲻᕕᕕڐ֒ѐθԌҕ䇮䘎㘹ᗍуླȾ
֖ᒡ֖Ⲻᕕᕕڐ֒ᾣθԌҕ䁧䚺㘹ᗍуླȾ
Nh bang nh de dìdi zuò zuòyè, ta yéxj hái kfo de bù hfo.
Even if you help your brother do his homework, he may still do poorly on the test.
SITUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
g. ֖ᑤ֖Ⲻᕕᕕ֒֒ѐθԌ䘎у៸Ⱦ ֖ᒡ֖Ⲻᕕᕕ֒֒ᾣθԌ䚺у៸Ⱦ
Nh bang nh de dìdi zuò zuòyè, ta hái bù ding.
Even if you help your brother do his homework, he will not understand it.
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45.2–45.52 I am discussing my dilemma with two friends. Here is my dilemma expressed in English. Translate it into Mandarin using 㾷ᱥ yàoshi . . . ቧ jiù . . . .
a. If I had money, I would not have to work in the library. b. If I did not work, I would have more time to study. c. If I had more time to study, my grades would be better. d. If I had better grades, my parents would be very happy. e. If my parents were happy, they would give me money. f. If they gave me money, I would not have to work.
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45.13 After hearing my dilemma, my friend ቅ⧁ Xifo Wáng offers his opinion. Translate his opinion into Mandarin using ྸ᷒ rúguw . . . ቧ jiù . . . . a. If I were you, I would borrow some money from a friend first. b. If I could borrow some money, I would not have to work. c. If I did not work, I would have more time to study. d. If I had more time to study, my grades would be better. e. If I had better grades, my parents would be very happy. f. If my parents were happy, they would give me money. g. If they gave me money, I would return my friend’s money.
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45.14 ቅᕖ/ቅᕫ Xifo Zhfng does not agree with ቅ⧁ Xifo Wáng because he does not think you should borrow money from friends. Here is his suggestion. Translate his suggestion into Mandarin using َ㤛 ttngruò . . . ቧ jiù . . . . a. If I were you, I would borrow some money from my parents first. b. If they could loan me some money, I would not have to work. c. If I did not work, I would study harder.
d. If I studied harder, my grades would be better.
e. If my grades were better, my parents would be very happy. f. If my parents were happy, they would give me money. g. If they gave me money, I would use it to pay them back.
Expressing conditions
5 A few teachers are chatting in the faculty lounge about things that could make their lives a little easier. Imagine you are one of them and complete the sentences for them.
a. ྸ᷒ᮏ䗽Ⲻђ㾵ᆜ⭕䜳㜳䇦օθ__________________________________________Ⱦ ྸ᷒ᮏ䚄Ⲻᶧ㾵ᆮ⭕䜳㜳䁎օθ__________________________________________Ⱦ
Rúgui jiaoguo de ddngxi xuésheng ddu néng jìzhù, __________________.
b. ٽֵ _______________________________________________θᡇቧਥԛᰟ⛯ഔᇬȾ ٽֵ _______________________________________________θᡇቧਥԛᰟ唔ഔᇬȾ
Jifshh _____________________________________, wi jiù kgyh zfodifn huí jia.
c. 㾷ᱥ᳇ٽਥԛ䮵ж⛯Ⲻ䈓θ______________________________________________Ⱦ 㾷ᱥ᳇ٽਥԛ䮭ж唔Ⲻ䂧θ______________________________________________Ⱦ
Yàoshì shjjià kgyh cháng yc difn de huà, _____________________________.
6 At a recent Earth Day celebration, everyone wrote down their suggestions to improve the world and hung them on the branches of a big tree. Finish the following sentences to complete a few of these suggestions, and then write one yourself.
a. ਠ㾷ᡇԢ _________________________________________θ䘏Ѡь⮂жᇐՐᴪླȾ ਠ㾷ᡇه ________________________________________θ䙏فь⮂жᇐᴹᴪླȾ
Zhhyào wimen ______________________, zhège shìjiè ycdìng huì gèng hfo.
b. 䲚䶔 __________________________________θ㾷у❬ᡇԢⲺ൦⨹Ր䏀ᶛ䏀㌕㌋Ⱦ 䲚䶔 __________________________________θ㾷у❬ᡇهⲺ൦⨹ᴹ䏀ּ䏀㌕㌋Ⱦ
Chúfbi _____________, yàobùrán wimen de dìqiú huì yuè lái yuè zaogao.
46
Expressing ‘both,’ ‘all,’ ‘every,’
‘any,’ ‘none,’ ‘not any,’ and
‘no matter how’
1 Rearrange the following sentences to match the English meanings. a. 䜳 ᡇԢ ᆜѣᮽ ⅘Ⱦ
䜳 ᡇه ᆮѣᮽ ↗Ⱦ
Ddu wimen xué Zhdngwén xhhuan.
We all like to study Chinese. b. ᡇ ҦҼ 䜳 䛙ӑҜȾ
ᡇ 䋭Ҽ 䜳 䛙ӑᴮȾ
Wi mfi le ddu nà xib she.
I bought all of those books. c. 䛙ӑҜ ᖾ䍫 䜳Ⱦ 䛙ӑᴮ ᖾ䋪 䜳Ⱦ
Nà xib she hgn guì ddu.
All those books are expensive.
d. ⋗ ᆜ⭕Ԣ ৱр䈴 䜳Ⱦ ⋈ ᆮ⭕ه ৱр䃨 䜳Ⱦ
Méi xuéshengmen qù shàng kè ddu.
None of the students have gone to class. e. ᡇ ᆜ 䜳 ѣᮽᰛᮽȾ ᡇ ᆮ 䜳 ѣᮽᰛᮽȾ Wi xué ddu Zhdngwén Rìwén. ) f. ᡇ ڐᇂҼ 䜳 ᡶᴿⲺࣕ䈴Ⱦ ᡇ ڐᇂҼ 䜳 ᡶᴿⲺࣕ䃨Ⱦ
Wi zuòwán le ddu suiyiu de gdngkè.
Expressing ‘both,’ ‘all,’ ‘every,’ ‘any,’ ‘none,’ ‘not any,’ and ‘no matter how’
g. 䜳 Ԍ у Ր ߏ жѠᆍȾ 䜳 Ԍ у ᴹ ሡ жفᆍȾ
Ddu ta bù huì xig yc gè zì.
He does not know how to write a single character. h. 䛙Ѡ㘷ᐾ 䜳 у⅘ ᡇԢȾ
䛙ف㘷ᑡ 䜳 у↗ ᡇهȾ
Nàge lfoshc ddu bù xhhuan wimen.
None of us likes that teacher.
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46.12 Select a question word from the list below to best complete each of the following sentences to match the English translation.
Question words: ӶѾ/⭐哳 shénme
ᙄѾ/ᙄ哳 zunme 䈷/䃦 shéi ࠖ/ᒴ jv ଠݵ/ଠވ ntr? a. ֖ৱഴҜ侼Ҽθਥᱥᡇ ________ 䜳⋗ৱȾ ֖ৱൌᴮ佞Ҽθਥᱥᡇ ________ 䜳⋈ৱȾ
Nh qù túshegufn le, kgshì wi ________ ddu méi qù.
You went to the library, but I did not go anywhere. b. ֖ৱഴҜ侼Ҽθਥᱥᡇ ________ ൦ᯯ䜳⋗ৱȾ
֖ৱൌᴮ佞Ҽθਥᱥᡇ ________ ൦ᯯ䜳⋈ৱȾ
Nh qù túshegufn le, kgshì wi ________ dìfang ddu méi qù.
You went to the library, but I did not go anywhere. c. ֖䇚䇼Ӱθਥᱥᡇ ________ 䜳у䇚䇼Ⱦ
֖䃃䆎Ӱθਥᱥᡇ ________ 䜳у䃃䆎Ⱦ
Nh rènshi rén, kgshì wi ________ ddu bù rènshi.
You know people, but I don’t know anyone. d. ֖䇚䇼Ӱθਥᱥᡇ ________ Ӱ䜳у䇚䇼Ⱦ
֖䃃䆎Ӱθਥᱥᡇ ________ Ӱ䜳у䃃䆎Ⱦ
Nh rènshi rén, kgshì wi ________ rén ddu bù rènshi.
You know people, but I don’t know anyone. e. ֖ҦҜҼθਥᱥᡇ ________ 䜳⋗ҦȾ
֖䋭ᴮҼθਥᱥᡇ ________ 䜳⋈䋭Ⱦ
Nh mfi she le, kgshì wi ________ ddu méi mfi.
You bought books, but I didn’t buy anything. f. Ԍп⛯ᶛθਥᱥ֖ ________ ᰬُᶛ䜳ਥԛȾ
Ԍп唔ּθਥᱥ֖ ________ ᱸּُ䜳ਥԛȾ
Ta san difn lái, kgshì nh ________ shíhòu lái ddu kéyh.
SITUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
g. Ԍп⛯ᶛθ֖ ________ ⛯ᶛ䜳ਥԛȾ Ԍп唔ּθ֖ ________ 唔ּ䜳ਥԛȾ
Ta san difn lái, nh ________ difn lái ddu kéyh.
He will come at 3:00, but you can come anytime. h. Ԍ䘏ṭߏθ֖ ________ ߏ䜳ਥԛȾ
Ԍ䙏⁙ሡθ֖ ________ ሡ䜳ਥԛȾ
Ta zhè yàng xig, nh ________ xig ddu kéyh.
He writes this way, but you write any way you want.
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46.43 Answer the questions negatively using question words as in the example. Translate your answers into English.
Example: A: ֖ᜩҦӶѾϋ B: ᡇӶѾ䜳уᜩҦȾ ֖ᜩ䋭⭐哳ϋ ᡇ⭐哳䜳уᜩ䋭Ⱦ
Nv xitng mti shénme? Ww shénme dru bù xitng mti.
What do you want to buy? I don’t want to buy anything. a. ֖ᜩⵁӶѾ⭫ᖧϋ
֖ᜩⵁ⭐哳䴱ᖧϋ
Nh xifng kàn shénme diànyhng?
Which movie do you want to watch? b. ֖ᜩӶѾச䞈ϋ
֖ᜩ⭐哳ச䞈ϋ
Nh xifng hb shénme píjij?
What beer do you want to drink? c. ֖䇚䇼䈷ϋ
֖䃃䆎䃦ϋ
Nh rènshi shéi?
Who do you know? d. 䘏ԬӁ֖ᜩ䇿䈷ϋ 䙏ԬӁ֖ᜩ䁪䃦ϋ
Zhè jiàn shì nh xifng gàosu shéi?
Who do you want to inform about this matter? e. 䈷㾷ᣀ䫧ٕ㔏֖ϋ
䃦㾷ᣀ䥘ٕ㎜֖ϋ
Shéi yào bf qián jièggi nh?
Who wants to lend you money? f. ֖ᜩ䐕ᡇ䈪ӶѾϋ
֖ᜩ䐕ᡇ䃠⭐哳ϋ
Nh xifng gbn wi shud shénme?
Expressing ‘both,’ ‘all,’ ‘every,’ ‘any,’ ‘none,’ ‘not any,’ and ‘no matter how’
g. ֖⅘ଠԬ∑㺙ϋ ֖↗ଠԬ∑㺙ϋ
Nh xhhuan nf jiàn máoyc?
Which sweater do you like? h. ֖᭴ٽৱӶѾ൦ᯯϋ
֖᭴ٽৱ⭐哳൦ᯯϋ
Nh fang jià qù shénme dìfang?
Where do you want to go during the break?
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46.4.24 ઞ Zhdu Lì had a bad experience with his last exam. Express his experience in Mandarin, using ᙄѾ/ᙄ哳 zunme and the appropriate form of the
bracketed resultative verb in each sentence.
Example: No matter how I review the lessons I do poorly on the tests. →
ᡇᙄѾགྷҖࣕ䈴ҕ㘹уླȾ ᡇᙄ哳ᗟ㘈ࣕ䃨ҕ㘹уླȾ
Ww zunme fùxí grngkè yu kto bù hto.
a. No matter how I studied, I couldn’t master (the material). [ᆜՐ/ᆮᴹ xuéhuì] b. No matter how I tried to memorize (things) I couldn’t memorize (them).
[䇦օ/䁎օ jìzhù]
c. No matter how much I wrote, I couldn’t finish writing. [ߏᇂ/ሡᇂ xigwán] d. No matter how I tried to guess, I couldn’t guess. [⥒/⥒㪍 caizhao] e. No matter how I read (it), I couldn’t understand (it). [ⵁ៸ kànding] f. No matter how I thought, I couldn’t think of the answers. [ᜩ䎭ᶛ
xifngqhlai, ㆊṾ dá’àn answer]
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32.1, 32.2, 46.4.35 ቅᶄ Xifo Lh finds his roommate difficult to live with. Describe his roommate’s behavior in Mandarin using the parenthesized words.
Example: He doesn’t go anywhere. → Ԍଠݵ䜳уৱȾ
(ଠݵ/ଠވ ntr) Ԍଠވ䜳уৱȾ
To ntr dru bù qù.
a. He doesn’t like anyone. [䈷/䃦 shéi]
b. He is not willing to do anything. [ӶѾ/⭐哳 shénme]
c. No matter how much you speak with him, he doesn’t listen. [ᙄѾ/ᙄ哳 zgnme] d. His things are all over the room. (In the room, his things are everywhere.)
[ଠݵ/ଠވ nfr]
e. No matter how dirty his clothing is, he won’t wash it. [ཐѾ/ཐ哳 duóme] f. In the evening, he is always watching television. [ӶѾᰬُ/⭐哳ᱸُ
SITUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
g. No matter how you ask, he won’t turn it off. [ᙄѾ/ᙄ哳 zgnme] h. In the morning, no matter how you call him, he won’t wake up.
[ᙄѾ/ᙄ哳 zgnme]
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46.46 -RS his girlfriend of five years left him. Mrs. Zhao is on the phone with her best friend, Mrs. Guo. Mrs. Zhao complains that her son does not want to see anyone, does not do anything, does not go anywhere, does not eat anything either. Mrs. Guo tells her that everyone needs time to think about things. Use this information to complete their conversation in Mandarin.
䎫འའφԌᐨ㔅ᣀ㠠ᐧީ൞ᡵ䰪䠂пཟҼθ_____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ᡇᗹ↱ҼȾ 䏏འའφԌᐨ㏉ᣀ㠠ᐧ䰒൞ᡵ䯉㼗пཟҼθ_____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ᡇᬊᗹ↱ҼȾ
Zhào tàitai: Ta yhjcng bf zìjh guanzài fángjian lh santian le, _________________
______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Wi danxcn sh le.
䜣འའφᡇ⸛䚉֖ᖾᗹθਥᱥθ 䙽ࡦ䘏〃Ӂθ______________________________Ⱦ 䜣འའφᡇ⸛䚉֖ᖾᬊᗹθਥᱥθ 䙽ࡦ䙏つӁθ______________________________Ⱦ
Gud tàitai: Wi zhcdào nh hgn danxcn, kgshì, yùdào zhè zhing shì, __________
______________________________________________________________________________.
7 -IRANDA
THREE will be expected to perform as the house sitter. Translate them into Mandarin. a. Walk the dog every day: once in the morning, once in the evening.
[䚑⤍ liù giu]
b. Water the plants every two days. [⍽㣧/▼㣧 jiao hua] c. Pick up the mail every week. [ᤵؗ nà xìn]