CAPÍTULO III - ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS EM FORMAÇÃO DE
3.5. Fragilidade da Formação Inicial de Professores
GENERAL COMMUNICATIONS 181
9.1. USE OF ENGLISH IN WRITTEN AND ORAL FORM FOR SAFETY COMMUNICATIONS ... 181 9.1.1. Use of the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases ... 181 9.1.2. Use of the International Code of Signals ... 182 9.1.3. Recognition of standard abbreviations and commonly used service codes (Q-Code) ... 182 9.1.4. Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet ... 182 9.2. PROCEDURE OF TRAFFIC CHARGING ... 182 9.2.1. The international charging and accounting system ... 182 9.2.2. The AAIC code and its use ... 183 9.2.3. Coast station-, landline and ship station charge ... 183 9.2.4. Currencies used for the account of international radio communications ... 183 APPENDIX 1: VOICE PROCEDURES ... 185 APPENDIX 2: PHONETIC ALPHABET AND FIGURE CODE ... 186 APPENDIX 3: Q-CODES ... 188 APPENDIX 4: FREQUENCIES USED FOR DSC ... 194 APPENDIX 5: VHF FREQUENCIES ... 196 APPENDIX 6: TABLE OF MARITIME IDENTIFICATION DIGITS ... 199 APPENDIX 7: LIST OF CALL SIGNS... 209
AA: Accounting Authority
AAIC: Accounting Authority Identification Code AGC: Automatic Gain Control
AIS: Automatic Identification System ALRS: Admiralty List of Radio Signals AM: Amplitude Modulation
AMSA: Australian Maritime Safety Authority
AMVER: Automated Mutual-assistance Vessel Rescue System AOR-E: Atlantic Ocean Region-East
AOR-W: Atlantic Ocean Region – West ARQ: Automatic request for repeat
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASP: Application service providers
AtoN: Aids to Navigation ATU: Antenna Tuning Unit
AUSREP: Australian Ship Reporting System bps: bits per second
CC: Coast station Charge CES: Coast Earth Station
CESO: Coast Earth Station Operator ch70: VHF channel70
CP: Public Correspondence
CR: Restricted public Correspondence CS: Coast Stations
CSP: Communications service providers DCE: Data Circuit terminating Equipment DSB: Double-Sideband
DSC: Digital Selective Calling DTE: Data Terminal Equipment EGC: Enhanced Group Call EHF: Extra High Frequency ENID: EGC network Identification
EPIRB: Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon fax: Facsimile
FEC: Forward Error Correction FM: Frequency Modulation FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
GEOSAR: Geostationary Search and Rescue Gfr: Goldfranc
GLONASS: Global Navigation Satellite System
GMDSS: Global Maritime Distress and safety System GNSS: Global Navigational Satellite System
GOC: General Operator's Certificate GPS: Global Positioning System GSO: Geostationary Orbit HF: High Frequency HSD: High Speed Data
IAMSAR: International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization
IMN: Inmarsat Number
Inmarsat: International Mobile Satellite Organization INTERCO: International Code of Signals
IOR: Indian Ocean Region ISP: Inmarsat service provider
ITU: International Telecommunication Union JASREP: Japanese Ship Reporting System LEOSAR: Low Earth Orbit Search and Rescue LF: Low Frequency
LL: Land Line charge
LRIT: Long Range Identification and Tracking of Ships LUF: Lowest usable frequency
LUT: Local User Terminals MCC: Mission Control Centre Metarea: Metrological areas MF: Medium Frequency
MID: Maritime Identification Digits MMSI: Maritime Mobile Service Identity MPDS: Mobile Packet Data Service
MRCC: Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre MSI: Maritime Safety Information
MUF: Maximum Usable Frequency Navarea: Navigational areas
NAVTEX: Navigational Text Message NBDP: Narrow Band Direct Printing NCS: Network Co-ordination Station NDN: Non-Delivery Codes Notification nm: Nautical miles
NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOC: Network Operations Centre
OSC: On-Scene Co-ordinator OTF: Optimum Traffic Frequency POR: Pacific Ocean Region
PSDN: Packet Switched Data Network PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network PTT: Push To Talk
R/T: Radio Telephony
RCC: Rescue Co-ordination Centre RF: Radio Frequency
ROC: Restricted Operator's Certificate RR: Radio Regulations
RSC: Rescue Sub Centre
SSAS: Ship Security Alarm System SSB: Single Sideband
STCW: International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 as amended
SURPIC: Surface Picture UHF: Ultra High Frequency
UTC: Universal Co-ordinated Time VAT: Value Added Tax
VHF: Very High Frequency VLF: Very Low Frequency VTS: Vessel Traffic Service
Table 1: Equipment specification ... 57 Table 2: Type of emission and its application ... 67 Table 3: Modes of communication ... 68 Table 4: Frequency bands ... 80 Table 5: Frequency ranges and their applications ... 81 Table 6: Important VHF channels and their application ... 105 Table 7: VHF DSC possibility table ... 109 Table 8: VHF-DSC practical training tasks ... 117 Table 9: EPIRB practical training tasks ... 146 Table 10: SART practical training tasks ... 150 Table 11: NAVTEX transmission ... 153 Table 12: Codes for message types ... 157 Table 13: NAVTEX practical training tasks ... 160 Table 14: Inmarsat-C EGC practical training tasks ... 168 Table 15: VHF portable practical training tasks ... 170 Table 16: VHF aeronautical radio practical training tasks ... 171
Figure 1: Statutory framework ... 52 Figure 2: SOLAS ... 53 Figure 3: Limits of sea areas British Isles and North West Europe DSC ... 55 Figure 4: Example of a Maritime Radio Station for terrestrial and satellite
communication... 56 Figure 5: Bridge alarm panel ... 59 Figure 6: Radio Regulations ... 64 Figure 8: List of coast stations and special service stations ... 75 Figure 8: List of Ship Stations and Maritime Mobile Service Identity Assignments . 77 Figure 9: Manual for Use by the Maritime Mobile and Maritime Mobile-Satellite
Services ... 78 Figure 11: Admiralty List of Radio Signals Vol.1 ... 79 Figure 11: Example of wavelength ... 81 Figure 12: Line of sight propagation ... 82 Figure 13: Ground waves and sky waves ... 83 Figure 17: Frequency modulation ... 85 Figure 15: Amplitude modulation ... 86 Figure 16: A3E DSB Telephony (Commercial broadcast)... 87 Figure 17: J3E SSB Telephony (supressed carrier) ... 87 Figure 18: F3E Frequency modulated telephony (Sidebands for single tone are
shown) ... 88 Figure 19: A3E DSB Telephony (Commercial Broadcast) ... 88 Figure 20: H3E SSB Telephony (full carrier) ... 88 Figure 21: J3E SSB Telephony (supressed carrier) ... 89 Figure 22: F1B Frequency modulated telex ... 89 Figure 23: Basic transmitter block diagram... 90 Figure 24: Basic receiver block diagram ... 91 Figure 25: Lead acid battery ... 92 Figure 26: Battery charging system ... 95 Figure 30: VHF ground plane antenna ... 98 Figure 31: VHF dipol antenna ... 98 Figure 32: VHF rod antenna ... 98 Figure 30: Inmarsat-C omnidirectional antenna ... 99 Figure 31: Example antenna installation ... 99 Figure 32: Technical format of a call sequence (DX / RX) ... 100 Figure 33: Communication possibilities ... 102 Figure 34: The range of VHF transmissions ... 104 Figure 35: VHF channeling ... 104 Figure 36: VHF radio station ... 106 Figure 37: Handling of a received VHF DSC distress alert ... 113 Figure 38: Canellation of False distress alerts ... 125 Figure 39: Sample of a telegram ... 135 Figure 40: Inmarsat satellite positions ... 138 Figure 41: Inmarsat coverage map (I 3) ... 139
Figure 42: LEOSAR and GEOSAR satellite constellation ... 140 Figure 43: Different EPIRB types ... 142 Figure 44: Communication path in Cospas / Sarsat system ... 143 Figure 45: EPIRB ... 145 Figure 46: SART ... 147 Figure 47: SART images on radar screen ... 148 Figure 48: AIS SART image on radar screen ... 149 Figure 49: Navarea / Metarea overview ... 152 Figure 50: Example NAVTEX coverage areas of transmission ... 154 Figure 51: MSI information line ... 155 Figure 52: Example of a navigational warning via NAVTEX ... 158 Figure 53: NAVTEX receiver ... 159 Figure 54: Inmarsat satellites and Navareas / Metareas ... 161 Figure 55: Geographical EGC transmission ... 163 Figure 56: Overview of SafetyNET and FleetNET ... 163 Figure 57: EGC information line ... 165 Figure 58: EGC navigational warning ... 165 Figure 59: EGC weather information ... 165 Figure 60: EGC SAR information ... 166 Figure 61: Example of different Inmarsat-C classes ... 167 Figure 62: Inmarsat-C EGC set up window ... 167 Figure 63: Maritime VHF handheld ... 168 Figure 64: Portable VHF aeronautical radio... 170 Figure 65: ECDIS screen with AIS signals... 173 Figure 66: Basic concept of the GMDSS ... 174 Figure 67: Example of SAR regions ... 175
Introduction to the Compendium
This Compendium to the IMO Model Course for the GMDSS ROC is intended as an aid to both students and instructors. It aims to bring together, into one document, theory concerning different aspects of radio communications, which may be of value in the explanation and comprehension of subjects studied for the ROC.
The Instructor may use document as radio communications theory reference work, to supplement the documents listed in part A of the IMO Model Course. When using the compendium, it should be noted that the students are training to become operators of radio communication equipment, and not technicians or engineers (although that can be more or less accomplished by doing the 1st or 2nd Class Radio Electronic Certificate). Students may find the theoretical and general interest parts helpful as background reading, which will increase and clarify their understanding of the subjects.
It should not be noted that the material covered by the compendium is in places, in excess of that required by the holder of a GMDSS ROC Certificate.
Introduction
Radio has been the foundation of the distress and safety systems used by ships at seas in the first instance of the use of radio to save lives at sea in1899. It was soon realized that, to be effective, a radio –based distress and safety system had to be founded on internationally agreed rules concerning the type of equipment, the radio frequencies used an operational procedures. The first international agreement was established under the auspices of the predecessor to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Many of the operational procedures for morse telegraphy established at the turn of the century have been maintained to the present day.
The current system is called the Global Maritime Distress and safety System (GMDSS).This system was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 1988 and replaces the 500 kHz Morse code system. The GMDSS provides a reliable ship-to-shore communications path in addition to ship-to-ship alerting communications. The new system is automated and uses ship-to-shore and ship to ship alerting by means of terrestrial radio and satellite radio paths for alerting and subsequent communications. The GMDSS will apply to all cargo ships of 300 gross tonnages and above, and to all passenger ships, regardless of size, on international voyages.
The statutory framework of the Maritime Mobile Service
Figure 1: Statutory framework
o International Convention of Safety of Life at See
Figure 2: SOLAS
As more detailed regulations became necessary for the shipping industry, the most recent of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974) was adopted in 1974, 1978 and 1988 and amended from time to time. The SOLAS Convention has become one of the main instruments of the IMO. The GMDSS used by most of the world's shipping until 1992, is defined by chapter IV of the SOLAS Convention and the ITU Radio Regulations (RR). There was a transition period from the old to the new system in order to allow the industry time to overcome any unforeseen problems in implementation of the new system. The transitional period began on 1 February 1992 and continued to 1 February 1999.
SOLAS Chapter IV applies to all ships engaged on international voyages except:
Cargo ships less than 300 gross tonnage,
Ships of war and troopships,
Ships not propelled by mechanical means,
Wooden ships of primitive build,
Pleasure yachts not engaged in trade,
Fishing vessels, and
Ships being navigated within the Great Lakes of North America.
Functional requirements
The GMDSS is a largely, but not fully, automated system which requires ships to have a range of equipment capable of performing the nine radio communication functions of the GMDSS in accordance with Regulation 4-1 of the SOLAS Convention. Every ship, while at sea, shall be capable for the:
transmission of ship-to-shore distress alerts by at least two separate and independent means, each using a different radio communication service;
reception of shore-to-ship distress alerts;
transmission and reception of ship-to-ship distress alerts;
transmission and reception of search and rescue co-ordinating communications;
transmission and reception of on-scene communications;
transmission and reception of signals for locating;
transmission and reception of maritime safety information;
transmission and reception of general radio communications to and from shore-based radio systems or networks; and
transmission and reception of bridge-to-bridge communications.
Sea Areas
Definitions of coverage and sea areas for Digital Selective Calling (DSC)
The GMDSS is based on the concept of using four marine communication sea areas to determine the operational, maintenance and personnel requirements for maritime radio communications.
Sea area A1 means an area within the radiotelephone coverage of at least one VHF coast station in which continuous DSC alerting is available, as may be defined by a Contracting Government. Such an area could extend typically about 30 nautical miles (nm) from the coast station (SOLAS Chapter IV,Reg.
2-12).
Sea area A2 means an area, excluding sea area A1, within the radiotelephone
Sea area A3 means an area, excluding sea areas A1 and A2, within the coverage of an International Mobile Satellite Organization (Inmarsat) geostationary satellite in which continuous alerting is available, This area lies between about latitudes 76° north and 76° south, but excludes A1 and/or A2 designated areas (SOLAS Chapter IV,Reg. 2-14).
Sea area A4 means an area outside sea areas A1, A2 and A3. This is essentially the Polar Regions, north and south of about 76° of latitude, but excludes any other areas (SOLAS Chapter IV,Reg. 2-15).
Figure 3: Limits of sea areas British Isles and North West Europe DSC
Carriage requirements
Equipment carriage requirements for ships at sea depend upon the sea area in which the ship is sailing. Furthermore, ships operating in the GMDSS are required to carry a primary and a secondary means of distress alerting. This means having VHF DSC as a primary system for a ship near coastal areas, backed up by a satellite Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB). A ship operating in an offshore ocean area could have Medium-Frequency DSC, High-Frequency DSC or Inmarsat satellite communications as a primary system backed up by a satellite EPIRB. The type of equipment used in the primary system is determined by the sea area in which the ship will be navigating.
The carriage requirements are defined in SOLAS chapter IV, Reg. 7 to 9 for the four sea areas. Table 1 shows how the SOLAS Regulations would translate into the bare minimum carriage requirements for the four sea areas. The majority of ships will, however, be fitted with a more comprehensive radio installation.
Radiotelex Inmarsat C
VHF-DSC MF/HF-DSC
Inmarsat C Distress Panel Battery
Charger
Details of equipment specifications A1, A2, A4 and A4
Inmarsat-B or Inmarsat-C X or
MF/HF telephony with DSC and telex X X
Notes: X Required in those sea areas where the NAVTEX service is available.
X Required in those sea areas where the NAVTEX service is NOT available.
The EGC receive facility may be included in the standard Inmarsat-C terminal.
X 406 MHz COSPAS-SARSAT EPIRB Table 1: Equipment specification
Details of carriage requirements
Every ship shall be provided in accordance with SOLAS IV, Reg. 7:
a VHF radio installation capable of transmitting and receiving DSC and radiotelephony (Minimum ch70, ch06, ch13 and ch16) a radio installation capable of maintaining a continuous DSC watch on VHF channel 70 (ch70)
a search and rescue locating device capable of operating either in the 9 GHz band or on frequencies dedicated for Automatic Identification System (AIS).
a receiver capable of receiving international Navigational Text Message (NAVTEX) service broadcasts if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area in which an international NAVTEX service is provided
a radio facility for reception of maritime safety information by the Inmarsat enhanced group calling system if the ship is engaged on voyages in any area of Inmarsat coverage but in which an international NAVTEX service is not provided.
An EPIRB which shall be capable of trans-mitting a distress alert through the polar orbiting satellite service operating in the 406 MHz band
Every passenger ship shall be provided with means for two-way on-scene radio communications for search and rescue purposes using the aeronautical
frequencies 121.5 MHz and 123.1 MHz from the position from which the ship is normally navigated
Means of ensuring availability of ship station equipment
The means of ensuring the availability of equipment are determined by the sea areas in which the ship sails (SOLAS Chapter IV, Reg. 15).
In sea areas A1 and A2, the availability of equipment shall be ensured by using one of the following methods:
duplication of equipment;
shore-based maintenance;
at-sea electronic maintenance; or
a combination of the above, as may be approved by the Administration.
In sea areas A3 and A4, the availability of equipment shall be ensured by using a combination of at least two of the above mentioned methods, as may be approved by the Administration.
Primary and secondary means of alerting
The method of distress alerting can depend on the sea area in which the ship is sailing and on the equipment carried. As provided in SOLAS, transmitting ship-to-shore distress alerts by at least two separate and independent means, each using a different radio communication service (SOLAS Chapter IV, Reg. 4).The likely methods of initiating a distress alert in the four sea areas are shown below.
Sea Area A1 VHF DSC on channel 70 EPIRB (Cospas/Sarsat)
Search and Rescue Transponder (SART)
Sea Area A2 VHF DSC on channel 70 (for ships in a range of 30 nm)
Distress Button VHF, MF-HF, Inmarsat Function Buttons
Display
MF DSC on 2187.5 kHz (for ships in a range of 150 nm) Inmarsat and/or
HF DSC on 8414.5 kHz and all other HF DSC frequencies EPIRB(Cospas/Sarsat)
SART (Radar and/or AIS)
Sea Area A4 VHF DSC on channel 70 (for the ships in a range of 30 nm) MF DSC on 2187.5 kHz (for the ships in a range of 150 nm) HF DSC on 8414.5 kHz and all other HF DSC frequencies EPIRB(Cospas/Sarsat)
SART (Radar and/or AIS)
Bridge alarm panel and its purpose
A distress alarm panel is a device which makes it possible to initiate transmission of distress alerts by the radio from the position from which the ship is normally navigated. It is normally connected to the VHF-DSC, MF-DSC and Inmarsat-C terminal. (SOLAS Chapter IV, Reg. 9 to 11)
Figure 5: Bridge alarm panel
Requirements for radio safety certificates
A Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate shall be issued after an initial or renewal survey to a cargo ship which complies with the relevant requirements of SOLAS Chapter IV by the Administration under which flag the vessel is sailing. The validation of the certificate shall not exceed five years.(SOLAS Chapter I, Reg. 12 and 13)
Watchkeeping
Watchkeeping procedures as defined in the Radio Regulations
Ships, whilst at sea, shall maintain a continuous watch appropriate to the sea area in which the ship is sailing (SOLAS Chapter IV, Reg. 12), using:
VHF DSC channel 70
MF DSC distress and safety frequency 2187.5 kHz
HF DSC distress and safety frequencies: 8414l5 kHz and also on at least one of the distress and safety DSC frequencies 4207.5 kHz, 6312.0 kHz, 12577.0 kHz or 16804.5 kHz, appropriate to the time of day and the geographical position of the ship, if the ship is fitted with an MF/HF radio station. This watch may be kept by means of a scanning receiver
VHF channel 16, if practicable
an Inmarsat Ship Earth Station (SES) (if the ship is fitted with) for satellite shore-to-ship distress alerts
a radio watch for broadcasts of Maritime Safety Information (MSI) on the appropriate frequency or frequencies on which such information is broadcast for the area in which the ship is navigating
A continuous watch for broadcasts of MSI shall also be kept, for the area in which the ship is sailing, by:
NAVTEX (518 kHz) receiver
Inmarsat-C or Enhanced Group Call (EGC) SafetyNET receiver
HF telex
Other watchkeeping procedures
Weather and navigational warnings are also transmitted at fixed times throughout the day by coast stations on MF, HF and VHF. The ITU List of Radio Determination and Special Service Stations should be consulted for further details. National publications, such as the Admiralty List of Radio Signals (ALBS) Vol. 5, may be consulted as useful additional aids.
Detailed radio communication watchkeeping requirements are set forth in part A, chapter VIII and part B, chapter VIII of the International Convention on Standards of
Radio personal
Regulation IV/16 of the SOLAS Convention requires that:
Every ship shall carry personnel qualified for distress and safety radio communication purposes to the satisfaction of the Administration. The personnel shall be holders of certificates specified in the RRs as appropriate, any one of whom shall be designated to have primary responsibility for radio communications during distress incidents.
The provisions of the RRs require that the personnel of ship stations and ship earth stations for which a radio installation is compulsory under international agreements and which use the frequencies and techniques of the GMDSS shall include at least.
For stations on board ships which sail beyond the range of VHF coast stations:
A holder of a first- or second- class radio electronic certificate or a General Operator's Certificate (GOC);
For stations on board ships which sail within the range of VHF coast stations:
A holder of a first-or second- class radio electronic certificate or a General Operator's Certificate or a Restricted Operator's Certificate (ROC).
An ROC only covers the operation of GMDSS equipment required for GMDSS sea
An ROC only covers the operation of GMDSS equipment required for GMDSS sea