Frutas y hortalizas

Hamza Amina Juma1, 2_{, James Kairo}2_{, Nico Koedam}1 _{and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas}1, 3

1 _{Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering}

Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium E-mail: [email protected]

2 _{Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, PO Box 81651-80100, Mombasa, Kenya} 3 _{Laboratory of systems Ecology and Resource Management, Department of Organism Biology,}

Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Mangroves form an important ecosystem along Kenya’s coast and produces goods and services that are of environmental, ecological and economic importance to human society (Abuodha & Kairo, 2001). According to the 2009 population and housing census (GOK, 2011), the population of the coast province was 3,325,307 equivalent to 8.6% of the national population showing an increase of 22.6% from 1999 to 2009. Most of these people have strong economic ties with the coastal ecosystems with which they interact and interfere in various ways (Dahdouh-Guebas et al., 2000). Several livelihood activities have been initiated along the Kenyan Coast to complement or replace existing activities. These include integrated fish farming, ecotourism, apiculture, and agro-forestry amongst others. The objective of the study is to assess the feasibility and sustainability of the ‘livelihood projects’, defined as a means of supporting one’s existence especially financially. An analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) was conducted on the livelihood projects in Mida Creek, Gazi Bay and Wasini Island in Kenya. Preliminary results indicate the presence of healthy mangrove forest as a major strength in all the sites, while seasonality of the projects observed as a major weakness. On the other hand, diversification of the livelihood projects is seen as the greatest opportunity, while high maintenance cost is seen as the major threat in ecotourism projects. A Delphi procedure will be used to involve project stakeholders in a participatory and consensus building process in view of the projects implementation as part of this ongoing study. The results obtained in this study will form the benchmark in providing recommendations to improve on efficiency and effectiveness of the initiatives so as to help in wise management of the mangrove ecosystem.

References

Abuodha P.A.W. and J.G. Kairo. 2001. Human-induced stresses on mangrove swamps along the Kenyan coast. Hydrobiologia 458(1):255–265.

Dahdouh-Guebas F., C. Mathenge, J.G. Kairo and N. Koedam. 2000. Utilization of mangrove wood product around Mida Creek (Kenya) amongst subsistence and commercial users. Economic Botany 54(4):513–527.

Government of Kenya. 2011. Integrated Coastal zone management Action plan for Kenya, 2011- 2015.

Use of by-products as system innovation: GeNeSYS

All aboard: a valuable use for discards

Hanseeuw Emely1_{, Els Vanderperren}1 _{and Jonas Van Lancker}2

1 _{Animal Sciences Unit - Fisheries and Aquatic Production, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries}

Research (ILVO), Ankerstaat 1, 8460 Oostende, Belgium E-mail: [email protected]

2 _{Social Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van}

Gansberghelaan 115 bus 2, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

Valorisation is a hot item in all research branches. There is a global interest in more efficient production processes with minimization of waste and maximisation of profit. The project ‘Use of By- products as System Innovation’ (GeNeSys) aspires to close loops by valorising by-products from agriculture, horticulture and fisheries. Participatory processes will be included in order to develop instruments for successful system innovations. One of the case studies focuses on finding useful applications for discarded fish. The reform of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) planned for 2013 wants to transition fisheries into a sustainable industry that only fishes up to the level of maximum sustainable yield. A discard ban is one of the controversial measures. The industry fears having to land a large amount of inferior products. In order to run a profitable business fishermen need the hold to be filled with valuable marine products. The reasons for discarding are various: fish may be damaged, undersized, quota restricted or low of value. Discarding fish can be seen as an enormous waste of resources, especially taken into account that most fish stocks are being overfished. Making use of discards instead of throwing them back could be a big step towards a sustainable fishery. Not only would landing them give scientists more accurate catch data but it would also stimulate fishermen into using more selective catching methods. Recognizing the fact that discards can’t be completely avoided it’s important to find a valuable use for them. The diversity of discards awakens the thought that there could be equally diverse applications. The first step is to analyze the composition of discards. Once there is a clear view on the species composition, quantity and quality, the study will focus on finding valorisation pathways such as Highly Added Valuable Compounds (HAVC) and innovative applications. Previous research has listed numerous nutritional and non nutritional uses for marine products and derivatives. Based on literature possible valorisation products are unsaturated fatty acids, chitin, hydroxyapatite, astaxanthin, enzymes, hydrolysed proteins, fish and liver oil, fertilizer, gelatines, vitamins, carotenoids and many more. The great challenge with the extraction of components is keeping the fish as fresh as possible. The key to success is to determine those products that are marketable. The most promising options will be studied in detail and possible stumbling blocks will be determined. To ensure successful commercial integration of the generated innovations, this project relies heavily on participatory processes with all the stakeholders. The project has a double-loop process. Adjustments and improvements are made after the first loop. The system is upscaled during the second loop. The goal of this 4-year study is to create one or more innovations that will help the fisheries industry cope with the discard ban. The results this project aims to get are minimal food losses, maximal value of the landings, and a contribution to the CFP’s vision of sustainable management of the fisheries industry.

References

Archer M., R. Watson and J.W. Denton. 2001. Fish waste production in the United Kingdom. The quantities produced and opportunities for better utilisation (Seafish Report Number SR537). The Sea Fish Industry Authority Seafish Technology.: 63p. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from:

http://www.seafish.org/media/Publications/SR537.pdf

Diamond B. and B.D. Beukers-Stewart. 2011. Fisheries discards in the North Sea: waste of resources or a necessary evil? Reviews in Fisheries Science 19: 3:231–245.

Kelleher K. 2004. Discards in the world’s marine fisheries: an update. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 470:131.

MRAG. 2007. Impact assessment of discard policy for specific fisheries: Final Report. European Commission Studies and Pilot Projects for Carrying Out the Common Fisheries Policy. No.

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