I. Introducción
3. Avances ProÁrbol
3.2 Gestión de Subsidios ProÁrbol
Putting words into related groups can be a way to help your mind organize new vocabulary. To create word groups, get a piece o f paper, pick a category, and list as many of the vocabulary words whose definitions fit under that heading in a general way. You will, of course, need to know the shades of meaning the more frequently you use a word. The academic subjects used in each chapter of this book are already one way to organize some of the words. You will want to come up with other categories as you study words from multiple chapters. For example, here are four words to begin a sample list of eight vocabulary words that fit the category of “the arts”: vivid (Chapter 2), repertoire and execution (Chapter 8), and cinematography (Chapter 15). As you work through the book, look for four other words that would fit this category, and return here to complete the list.
1 . ___________
2. ____________ _____________________________________________________________________
3 . ____________________ ______________________________________________________________
4 . __________________________ _______________________________________________________
Other possible categories are “science words,” “business words,” “qualities a person would want to have,” and “undesirable characteristics.” For a fun and collaborative way to use word groups, see the directions for Category Race in Chapter 18.
C H A P T E R 15 F i l m 9 5
Answer the following questions.
1. W hat is your favorite movie g en re?______________________________________________________
2. W hat might happen in a surreal dream?___________________________________________ _______
Interactive Exercise
immmimmmiHtiimiimiimiimiiiiimimmmimiimimHiimmmiiimiimmm3. W hat would look unusual juxtaposed next to a piece o f fruit?_______________
4. W hat are you a connoisseur of, or what would you like to be a connoisseur of?.
5. What can you do to be better attuned to the feelings of others?______________
6. Which movie star do you think epitomizes style?___________
7. W hat movie do you think has beautiful cinematography?_____
8. W hat could happen in a movie to make you feel disconcerted?.
9. W hat would you hail as a great achievement of humankind?.
10. If you were to create a montage showing the first day o f kindergarten, what are three images you
would use? ________________________________
Word Part Reminder
Below are a few short exercises to help you review the word parts you have been learning. Fill in the missing word part from the list, and circle the meaning of the word part found in each sentence.
Try to complete the questions without returning to the Word Parts chapters, but if you get stuck, look back at Chapter 11.
phobia ex flux port
1. I want to buy a fan that is easy to carry, so I will look for a ____ able model.
2. I have a fear o f fire; my pyro____ has prevented me from ever roasting marshmallows at our annual campout.
3. When I was a kid, the boys tried to keep us out of their clubhouse, but we didn’t let them elude us on days when they had cookies.
4. New students have been flowing into the college this semester. I don’t know what has led to this sudden in
9 6 C H A P T E R 15 F i l m
Word List
attu n e v. to adjust; to bring hail v. 1. to approve
[a toon', a tyôôn'] into harmony [hal] enthusiastically
cin e m a to grap h y n. the art or technique 2. to cheer; to welcome;
[sin7 э ma to g' гэ fë] of motion picture to call out to
photography ju xtap o sition n. an act of placing close connoisseur n. a person who can judge [juk' sta pa zish' an] together, especially for [коп' э sûr', -soor'] the best in an art or comparison or contrast
other field m o n tage n. 1. a film editing technique
d iscon certed adj. disturbed; disordered; [mon tazh'] that presents images
[dis' кэп sûrt' ad] confused next to each other to
v. to serve as a typical or convey an action, idea,
epitom ize or feeling
[i pit' э mïz'] perfect example of; to
typify 2. the combining of various
elements to form a
gen re n. a class of artistic work whole or single image
[zhan' гэ] (movie, book, etc.)
surreal adj. unreal; fantastic; having having a particular form, [s9 re' al, -rel'] the quality of a dream content, or technique;
a style
Words tO Watch imimmimiiiimiiimiimimiimiiiimimiiiiimmiiiiiimmiiiimimmimiimimiiimimiii
W hich words would you like to practice with a bit more? Pick 3-5 words to study, and list them below.
W rite the word and its definition, and compose your own sentence using the word correctly. This extra practice could be the final touch to learning a word.
Word Definition Your Sentence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C H A P T E R 15 F i l m 9 7
Chapter
The Mayan culture continues to intrigue modem society. One of the great centers of Mayan culture was Chichen-Itza on the Yucatan Peninsula. Life at
Chichen-Itza was hardly immutable. Roughly between 500 and 1400, a site of numerous temples, a huge ball court, and an astronomical observatory burgeoned in the tropical jungle. The Maya abandoned the site twice, and around 1200 the Toltecs from the north invaded the area, adding their religion and architecture to the Mayan concepts. Anthropologists and archeologists have been meticulous in studying the ruins at Chichen- Itza to discover the customs of this ancient society.
What made life viable for the M aya at Chichen- Itza were the cenotes, or wells. The name chicken shows the importance of the wells to the society. Chi meant “mouths” in Mayan, and chen meant “wells.”
These wells provided a source of water for a commu- The Castillo nity composed of a hierarchy of slaves, farmers,
hunters, merchants, warriors, priests, and nobles. Each group had its special role to play to keep the community functioning. The cenotes also hold a clue to the religious rituals of the Maya: several bodies have been found in the wells. Human sacrifice, though generally considered heinous by today’s standards, was a part of Mayan religious practices. Other artifacts found in the cenotes include jewelry and dolls. The Maya had several gods, and the sacrifices of young women and objects may have been used to quell the wrath of a rain god or pay homage to the god of maize. Because the gods controlled the weather and therefore the food supply, it was essential for the people to keep the gods happy.
Bloodletting, especially of the ears and tongue, was another way a person could earn favor with a god.
Religious beliefs were also manifested in the architecture and games o f the Maya. An impressive and ominous area at Chichen-Itza is the Great Ball Court, the largest found at a Mayan site. The ball- game was played between two teams and seems to have involved
keeping a rubber ball from touching the ground without using the hands. The game was over when the ball went through a scoring ring attached to the walls of the court. The winner of the game did not receive the prize people today would expect. The captain of the winning team would offer his head to the leader of the losing team for decapitation. It was part of the Mayan religious beliefs that dying quickly was a great honor, and they obviously felt that the winner of this contest deserved such an honor.
The M aya were a highly advanced society, demonstrated in
their complex temple designs, accurate calendar, and elaborate A chacmool figure intmducedby the artwork. The Maya continue to fascinate the world with their Toltecs, possibly used in heart sacrifices customs and achievements.
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