H METODOLOGÍA DE EVALUACIÓN

special links to US intelligence?’, Centre for European Reform Working Paper (April 2000).

90 _{ibid., p.1.} 91 _ibid.

92 _{C. Clough, ‘Quid Pro Quo: The Challenges of International Strategic Intelligence Cooperation’, The}

International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 17, 4 (2004), p.601.

93 _{ibid., p.612.} 94 _ibid. 95 _{ibid., p.601.} 96 _{ibid., p.607.} 97 _{ibid., p.612.}

98 _{S. Lander, ‘International Intelligence Cooperation: An inside perspective’, Cambridge Review of}

International Affairs, 17, 3 (October 2004), from p.481.

99 _{ibid., p.481.}

100 _{ibid., p.493; see also Aid, ‘All Glory is Fleeting’, pp.109-111.}

101 _{Sims, ‘Foreign Intelligence Liaison: Devils, Deals, and Details’, pp.195-217.} 102 _{ibid., p.195.}

103 _{ibid., p.196.}

104 _{See, for example, as cited in Chapter 1 of this study.}

105 _{Sims, ‘Foreign Intelligence Liaison: Devils, Deals, and Details’, p.208.} 106 _{ibid., p.212.}

107 _ibid.

108 _{D.S. Reveron, ‘Old Allies, New Friends: Intelligence-Sharing in the War on Terror’, Orbis}

(Summer, 2006), pp.453-468.

109 _{ibid., p.453.} 110 _{ibid., p.460.} 111 _{ibid., p.468.}

112 _{A. Roberts, Blacked Out: Government Secrecy in the Information Age (Cambridge University Press,}

2006).

113 _{ibid., pp.127-149.} 114 _{ibid., pp.135-8.}

115 _{ibid., p.139; see also ibid., where he notes: ‘Amitai Etzioni has argued that patterns of cooperation}

among security and intelligence agencies born out of the “global war on terrorism” are now so routine and institutionalized that they can be described as “a new global architecture,… a de facto Global Antiterrorism Authority, formed, led, managed and largely financed by the superpower.” Etzioni is probably mistaken to put so much emphasis on the influence of the “war on terror”; there is good evidence that the movement toward this new “Authority” began soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union… There is also an aspect to this emerging “security architecture” that is overlooked by Etzioni. This architecture does not consist only of a thickening web of relationships between the security and

intelligence agencies of different countries. There is a domestic component as well.’; A. Etzioni, From Empire to Community (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp.103-9.

116 _{P. Todd and J. Bloch, Global Intelligence: The World’s Secret Services Today (London: Zed}

Books/Global Issues series, 2003).

117 _{For example, the book was published before many of the various significant inquiries into 9/11 and}

supposed Iraqi WMD intelligence had reported.

118 _{See, for example, ‘Intelligence in the South: The Growth of the Virtual State’ chapter 7 in Todd and}

Bloch, Global Intelligence, pp.165-206.

119 _{ibid., p.209.}

120 _{See also for a case study on the US-Israeli intelligence relationship, A. and L. Cockburn, Dangerous}

liaison: the inside story of the U.S.-Israeli covert relationship (New York: HarperCollins, 1991).

121 _{See, for example, L. Scott , Macmillan, Kennedy & the Cuban Missile Crisis: Political, Military and}

Intelligence Aspects (Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan, 1999), pp.39-41 and pp.54-5; see also W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand: Britain, the United States & the Suez Crisis (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991), p.101; see also Corera, Shopping for bombs.

122 _{The two studies are: B. De Jong, W. Platje and R.D. Steele (eds), Peacekeeping Intelligence:}

Emerging Concepts for the Future (Oakton, Virginia: OSS International Press, 2003) and C. Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia – 1992-1995 (London: Lit Verlag, 2003). For another volume focussing on peacekeeping intelligence (PKI) – not explored in this literature review, due to its main focus not being so directly orientated towards UK-US intelligence interactions - see also D. Carment and M. Rudner (eds), Peacekeeping Intelligence: New Players, Extended Boundaries (London: Routledge, 2006).

123 _{Wiebes, Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, p.57.} 124 _{ibid., pp.58-9.}

125 _{ibid., p.60.}

126 _{See, for example, J. Bamford, The Puzzle Palace: America’s National Security Agency and its}

special relationship with Britain’s GCHQ (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1983); C. Andrew, ‘The Growth of Intelligence in the English Speaking World’, Wilson Center Working Paper, No. 83 (November 1987); and J.T. Richelson and D. Ball, The Ties That Bind (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990 [2ed.]); for another text which can be added to this list, see also K.G. Robertson (ed.), British and American approaches to intelligence (London: Macmillan/RUSI, 1987); for a review of ibid., see N. Clive, ‘Review: British and American Approaches to Intelligence. by K. G. Robertson’, International Affairs, 63, 4 (Autumn, 1987), p.647.

127 _{See also for a useful ‘critical annotated bibliography’ of the works on ‘ABC’ intelligence, D.M.}

Charles, ‘American, British and Canadian Links: A Critical Annotated Bibliography’, chapter 12 in D. Stafford and R. Jeffreys-Jones (eds), American-British-Canadian Intelligence Relations 1939-2000 (London: Frank Cass, 2000).

128 _{Aldrich, ‘British intelligence and the Anglo-American “Special Relationship”’, p.334.}

129 _{Examples here include: R.J. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret}

‘Intelligence Sharing’, chapter 13 in his The US Intelligence Community (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999 [4ed.]), pp.291-314; ‘Liaison with foreign services’, chapter 13 in J.T. Richelson, The US Intelligence Community (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2008 [5ed.]), pp.341-366; Stafford and Jeffreys-Jones (eds), American-British-Canadian Intelligence Relations.

130 _{Aldrich, ‘British intelligence and the Anglo-American “Special Relationship”’, p.335. For more on}

the opening of archives relating to Second World War UK-US intelligence liaison see also Jakub, Spies and Saboteurs, pp.xvii-xx.

131 _{Hulnick, ‘Intelligence Cooperation in the Post-Cold War Era’, p.464.}

132 _{M. Urban, UK Eyes Alpha: The Inside Story of British Intelligence (London: Faber & Faber, 1996).} 133 _{From private, non-attributable sources [e.g. u-26].}

134 _{Urban, UK Eyes Alpha, p.286.}

135 _{P. Radden Keefe, Chatter: Dispatches from the world of global eavesdropping (London: Random}

House, 2005), p.231.

136 _{M. Smith, The Spying Game: The Secret History of British Espionage (London: Politico’s, 2004);}

M. Smith, Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America’s Most Secret Special Operations Team (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006).

137 _{See, for example, the revelations contained within J. Gerstein, ‘Spies Prep Reporters on Protecting}

Secrets’, The New York Sun (27 September 2007) - particularly where he notes: ‘Frustrated by press leaks about its most sensitive electronic surveillance work, the secretive National Security Agency convened an unprecedented series of off-the-record “seminars” in recent years to teach reporters about the damage caused by such leaks and to discourage reporting that could interfere with the agency's mission to spy on America's enemies… Dubbed “SIGINT 101,” … the seminar was presented “a handful of times” between approximately 2002 and 2004…’

138 _{See Chapter 2 [2.1.iii] of this study for more details on sources.} 139 _{Hulnick, ‘Intelligence Cooperation in the Post-Cold War Era’, p.457.} 140 _{See ibid., pp.455-56.}

141 _{See for example, UK Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC), Annual Report 1999-2000 (2000)}

- via URL: <http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm48/4897/4897-02.htm> (accessed: 10/2005). The insights provided by the ISC reports are, however, arguably limited and can be regarded as somewhat sanitised so that the report can be released into the public domain.

142 _{See S. Gibson, ‘Open source intelligence: An intelligence lifeline’, RUSI Journal (February 2004),}

p.20.

143 _{Indeed, as a beginning, some insights into what one Indian commentator on intelligence and}

intelligence liaison thinks can be garnered from sources, such as: B. Raman, former additional secretary in the Cabinet secretariat, Government of India, ‘The dangers of intelligence cooperation’, rediff.com (18 July 2002) and B. Raman, ‘When Spooks of the World Unite’, rediff.com (21 February 2003). For bodies of literature examining dimensions of European intelligence co-operation (and associated issues) – again not explored in this literature review in depth due to their main focus not being more directly orientated towards UK-US intelligence interactions – see, for example, some of the sources presented in the footnotes of A.D.M. Svendsen, ‘“On a continuum with expansion”?

Intelligence co-operation in Europe in the early 21st century: Counter-terrorism as the lead issue’, paper presented at the UACES Student Forum Eighth Annual Conference, School of Politics and International Relations, University of Nottingham, UK (20 April 2007); see also sources, such as B. Müller-Wille, ‘EU intelligence cooperation: A Critical Analysis’, Contemporary Security Policy, 23, 2 (August 2002); L. Lugna, ‘Institutional Framework of the European Union Counter-Terrorism Policy Setting’, Baltic Security and Defence Review, 8 (2006); and B. Müller-Wille, ‘The Effect of

International Terrorism on EU Intelligence Co-operation’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 46, 1 (2008), pp.49-73; see also for a discussion of European intelligence studies, D. Kahn, ‘Intelligence Studies on the Continent’, Intelligence and National Security, 23, 2 (2008), pp.249-275.

144 _{For further exploration of this issue in greater depth, including examples (not reproduced here) from}

the various spy fiction texts consulted, see A.D.M. Svendsen, ‘Painting rather than photographing: Exploring the genre of spy fiction as a legitimate source concerning UK-US intelligence co-operation’, Journal of Transatlantic Studies (forthcoming: 2009). Some of the observations featuring in this section were also presented in a paper given by the author at the Transatlantic Studies Association (TSA) Conference at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK, in June 2006.

145 _{See the praise for John le Carré’s The Honourable Schoolboy, in a book review by D.S. Blaufarb,}

under heading ‘Intelligence Bookshelf… Current books of interest to intelligence buffs and watchers of the world scene. All reviews are by AFIO members’ in Periscope: Official Organ of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers, 3, 4 (Winter 1977), p.6 – via CREST – CIA-RDP88-

01315R000100480001-4 (2005/12/14) – particularly where he notes: ‘Granted his sophistication and understanding of the mechanics of clandestine operations, his mastery of pace and setting, therein is the real secret of Le Carré’s superiority. A pity he choses [sic.] to depict the American “cousins” of SIS (i.e., CIA) with a lack of the precise kind of sympathy which makes much of his work memorable. Ah, well, you can’t have everything. Read it anyway. You will enjoy it.’

146 _{For Ian Fleming’s experience see D. Cannadine, ‘Fantasy: Ian Fleming and the Realities of}

Escapism’, chapter 12 in his In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (London: Penguin, 2002), from p.279; for Graham Greene’s experience see, N. Sherry, The Life of Graham Greene – Volume Two: 1939-1955 (London: Random House, 1994), pp.83-183; for John le Carré (aka. David Cornwell’s) experience see URL: <http://www.johnlecarre.com/profile.html> (accessed: 26/11/2005).

147 _{T.J. Price, ‘Popular Perceptions of an Ally: “The Special Relationship” in the British Spy Novel’,}

Journal of Popular Culture, 28, 2 (1994), p.55.

148 _{See, for example, in Herman, Intelligence Power.} 149 _{Hitchens, Blood, Class and Nostalgia, pp.332-3.}

150 _{W. Hood, ‘… or tarted up spy books?’ in Peake and Halpern (eds), In the Name of Intelligence,}

p.293.

151 _{ibid., p.295.}

152 _{J. Heer, ‘The Stock of Bond: Ian Fleming’s literary reputation’, Boston Globe Ideas (20 October}