Actualización de proyectos transversales
IMPACTO ESPERADO
This chapter has set out an overview of existing research in this field, which offers different explanations for the development of immigration policy. Research in this field has tended to focus on economic factors and institutionalist accounts, with a heavy emphasis on the technical detail of policy-making. Despite extensive research on migration policy-making, there are omissions within the literature, and there is space for an interpretivist approach which unpicks the ways in which elites have understood and managed the issue. This chapter has argued that political parties have not been studied fully as influential actors in their own right, and that researching the making of UK immigration policy by focusing on the Conservative Party serves to enhance existing research.
Notes
1 Hollifield, J. ‘Migration and International Relations: Cooperation and Control in the European Community’.
International Migration Review. 1992a. 26(2). 568-595.
2 Ibid. 568.
3 Menz, G. The Political Economy of Managed Migration. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 7 and see
also Caviedes, A. Prying Open Fortress Europe: The Turn to Sectoral Labour Migration. (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2010). 106.
4 Caviedes, 2010, op. cit. 3.
5 Menz, 2008, op. cit. 2.
6 Ibid. 20.
7 Hampshire, J. The Politics of Immigration: Contradictions of the Liberal State. (Cambridge: Polity Press,
2013).
8 Ibid.
9 Hollifield, 1992a, op. cit. and Hollifield, J. Immigrants, Markets and States: The Political Economy of Postwar
Europe. (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1992b).
10 Caviedes, 2010, op. cit. 53.
11 Ibid. 53 and see also Weiner, M. The Global Migration Crisis: The Challenge to States and to Human Rights.
(New York: Harper Collins, 1995).
12 Caviedes, 2010, op. cit. 13 and Menz, 2008, op. cit.
13 Menz, 2008, op. cit.
14 Ibid. 12.
15 Caviedes, 2010, op. cit. 14.
16 Ibid. 2.
17 Freeman, G. ‘Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States’. The International Migration
Review. 1995. 29(4). 881-902.
18 See Joppke, C. ‘Why Liberal States Accept Unwanted Immigration.’ World Politics. 1998. 50(1). 266-293.
19 Freeman, G. ‘National Models, Policy Types and the Politics of Immigration in Liberal Democracies.’
Western European Politics. 2006. 29(2). 227-247. 227.
20 Ibid. 229-230.
21 See Freeman, 2006, op. cit. 230.
22 Ibid. 229.
23 Ibid. 241.
24 Ibid. 248.
25 Hansen, 2000, op. cit. 263.
26 Caviedes, 2010, op. cit. 5 and Menz, 2008, op. cit. 10.
27 Caviedes, 2010, op. cit. 24.
28 Menz, 2008, op. cit. 153.
29 Caviedes, 2010, op. cit. 103.
30 Ibid. 110.
31 Ibid. 111.
32 Ibid. 113.
33 Boswell, 2007, op. cit. 75.
34 Jopkke, C. ‘Immigration Challenges the Nation-State’. In. ed. Joppke, C. Challenge to the Nation-State:
Immigration in Western Europe and the United States. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). 18.
35 Guiraudon, 2003, op. cit. 83.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid. 263.
38 Ibid. 264.
39 Ibid. 268.
40 Ibid. 268.
41 Guiraudon, V. ‘The Marshallian Triptych Reordered: The Role of Courts and Bureaucracies in Furthering
Migrants’ Social Rights.’ In. eds. Vommes, M and Geddes, A. Immigration and Welfare: Challenging the Borders of the Welfare State. (London: Routledge, 2000). 83.
42 Ibid. 86.
43 Hansen, 2000, op. cit. vii.
45 Hollifield, J. The politics of international migration: how can we “bring the state back in”?’ In. eds. Brettel,
C B and Hollfield, J F. Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines. (London: Routledge, 2000). 150.
46 Hollifield, 2000, op. cit. 279.
47 Ibid. 279.
48 Ibid. 278.
49 Castles, S and Miller, M. The Age of Migration. (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2009).
50 Boswell, 2007, op. cit. 84.
51 Ibid. 84.
52 Soroka, S and Wlezien, C. Degrees of Democracy: Politics, Public Opinion, and Policy. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2010). 1.
53 Ibid. 1-2.
54 Ibid. 22.
55 Ibid. 4.
56 Ibid. 41.
57 Easton, D. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. (New York: John Wiley, 1965).
58 Deutsch, K. The Nerves of Government: Models of Political Communication and Control. (New York: The
Free Press, 1966). 88.
59 Soroka and Wlezien, 2010, op. cit. 15.
60 Ibid. 30.
61 Page, B and Shapiro, R. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans’ Policy Preferences.
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
62 Zaller, J. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. (Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1992).
63 Soroka and Wlezien, 2010, op. cit. 31
64 Ibid. 31.
65 Ibid. 42.
66 Jacobs, L R and Shapiro, R Y. Politicians Don’t Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic
Responsiveness. (Chicago: The University of Chicago, 2000).
68 Burns, P and Gimpel, J G. ‘Economic insecurity, prejudicial stereotypes, and public opinion on immigration
policy.’ Political Science Quarterly. 2000. 115(2). 201-255. and Kessler, A E and Freeman, G. ‘Public Opinion in the EU on Immigration from Outside the Community. Journal of Common Market Studies. 2005. 43(4). 825-850.
69 Lahav, G. ‘Public Opinion Toward Immigration in the European Union: Does it Matter?’ Comparative
Political Studies. 2004. 37(10). 1151-1183. 1176-1177.
70 Ibid. 1156.
71 Ibid. 1156.
72 Roberts, A. Eminent Churchillians. (London, Hachette, 1997). 215.
73 Ibid. 219, 222.
74 Studlar, D. ‘Policy voting in Britain: The coloured immigration issue in the 1964, 1966 and 1970 general
elections’. American Political Science Review. 1978. 72. 46-72. and Miller, W. L. ‘What was the Profit in Following the Crowd? The Effectiveness of Party Strategies on Immigration and Devolution?’ British Journal of Political Science. 1980. 10(1). 15-38.
75 Studlar, 1978, op. cit. 56, 53-4.
76 Ibid. 68.
77 Saggar, S. ‘Immigration and the Politics of Public Opinion.’ Political Quarterly. 2003. 74. 178-194. 179.
78 Ibid. 170.
79 McLean, I. Rational Choice & British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair.
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 145.
80 Studlar, 1978, op. cit. 56.
81 McLean, 2001, op. cit. 128.
82 Saggar, 2003, op. cit.
83 Sides, J and Citrin, J. ‘European Opinion About Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests and
Information.’ British Journal of Political Studies. 2007. 37. 377-504. 500.
84 See Duffy, B and Frere-Smith, T. ‘Perceptions and Reality: Public Attitudes to Immigration’. Ipsos MORI
[online] 2014 Accessed 1 February 2014. 22.
85 Saggar, 2003, op. cit.185.
86 Sides and Citrin, 2007, op. cit. 500.
88 Caul, M L and Gray, M M. ‘From Platform Declarations to Policy Outcomes’. In eds. Dalton, R J and
Wattenberg, M P. Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
89 Soroka and Wlezien, 2010, op. cit. 31.
90 Ibid. 35.
91 Margaret Thatcher Foundation (Thatcher MSS): ‘TV Interview for Granada World in Action’, 27 January
1978.
92 Soroka and Wlezien, 2010, op. cit. 40. For more on how the partisan character of governments impacts on
the types of policies that result see Castles, F G. The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist States. (London: Sage Publications, 1982).
93 Caul and Gray, 2003, op. cit.
94 Imbeau, L M, Pétry, F and Lamari, M. ‘Left-right party ideology and government policies: A meta-analysis.’
European Journal of Political Research. 2001. 40(1). 1-29. and also Caul and Gray, 2003, op. cit.
95 Schmidt, M G. ‘When parties matter: A review of the possibilities and limits of partisan influence on public
policy’. European Journal of Political Research. 1996. 30(2). 155-183.
96 Hibbs, D A. ‘Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy.’ The American Political Science Review. 1977.
71(4). 1467-1487. and also Hibbs, D A. ‘Partisan theory after fifteen years.’ European Journal of Political Economy. 1992. 8(3). 361-373.
97 Imbeau et al, 2001, op. cit.
98 Ibid. 3.
99 Bale, 2008b, op. cit. 454.
100 Triadafilopoulos, T and Zaslove, A. ‘Influencing migration policy from inside: political parties’. In. eds.
Giugni, M and Passy, F. Dialogues on Migration Policy. (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006). 171.
101 See Bale, T. ‘Politics Matters: A Conclusion’. Journal of European Public Policy. 2008b. 15(3). 453-464.
and also Perlmutter, T. ‘Bring parties back in: comments on “Modes of immigration politics in Liberal Democratic Societies”’. International Migration Review. 1996. 30. 375-388. and Schain, M. ‘Commentary: Why Political Parties Matter.’ Journal of European Public Policy. 2008. 15(3). 465-470.
102 See Hibbs, 1997, op. cit. and Thomson, R. ‘The programme to policy linkage: The fulfilment of election
pledges on socio-economic policy in the Netherlands, 1986-1998.’ European Journal of Political Research. 2001. 40. 171-1997 and also Green-Pedersen, C. ‘Welfare-state retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands, 1982-1998.’ Comparative Political Studies. 2001. 34(9). 963-985,
103 Lahav, G. ‘Ideological and party constraints on immigration attitudes in Europe’. Journal of Common Market
Studies. 1997. 35(3). 377-406. 377.
104 Messina, A. ‘Political Impediments to the Resumption of Labour Migration to Western Europe.’ West
105 Lahav, 1997, op. cit. 401.
106 Ibid. 401.
107 Hammar, T. ‘The policy-making process’. In. ed. Hammar, T. European Immigration Policy: A Comparative
Study. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). 277-291. 280.
108 Ibid. 280.
109 Schain, 2008, op. cit. 465.
110 Ibid. 465.
111 Ibid. 466.
112 Schain, 2008, op. cit. 466-7; Bale, 2008a op. cit. and Bale, 2008b, op. cit.
113 Schain, 2008, op. cit. 467.
114 Perlmutter, 1996, op. cit. 384, 377-8.
115 Ibid. 376.
116 Triadafilopoulos and Zaslove, 2006, op. cit. 189.
117 Ibid. 189.
118 Adams, J F, Merrill III, S, Grofman, B. A Unified Theory of Party Competition. (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2005).
119 Triadafilopoulos and Zaslove, 2006, op. cit. 172.
120 Hansen, 2000, op. cit. 244.
121 Statham, P and Geddes, A. ‘Elites and the “Organised Public”: Who Drives British Immigration Politics and
in Which Direction?’ West European Politics. 2006. 29(2). 248-269. 266, 254.
122 Givens, T and Luedtke, A. ‘European immigration policies in comparative perspective: issue salience,
partisanship and immigrant rights’. Comparative European Politics. 2005. 3(1). 1–22.
123 Ibid. 1.
124 Ibid. 3. and Money, J. Fences and Neighbours: The Political Geography of Immigration Control. (Ithaca,
Cornell University Press, 1999).
125 Givens and Luedtke, 2005, op. cit. 8.
- 3 -
Theoretical and Methodological
Frameworks
This chapter introduces the theoretical and methodological frameworks which both underpin this research and help answer the research question: namely, what drives the development of the UK Conservative Party’s immigration policy? This thesis takes on an interpretivist approach as a conceptual framework for analysis, and builds upon a synthesis of theories. There are four parts to this chapter.
First, the interpretivist approach is introduced. Interpretivism is taken here to mean that one’s understanding of reality stems from a socially constructed world in which actors and institutions constitute each other, in which policy-making is a result of opposing views taking place within webs of meanings that are in continuous conflict. Second, the
theoretical framework, which synthesises three theories from within political science and migration studies, is set out. Each of the theories is of direct relevance to the study of policy and policy-making, and more specifically, to policy change. Third, the three propositions, which have been derived from the theoretical synthesis, are then discussed. The
propositions are examined in each of the empirical chapters in order to assess whether they can explain immigration policy change over time.
Finally, this chapter discusses the methodological framework of this thesis. This is a political- historical study, which makes use of historical methods. A mixed-method approach is considered the most appropriate for this work, given several practical considerations. The
chapter then presents the methods behind the research that has been undertaken, namely, semi-structured interviews with elites and document analysis of both archival sources and grey material. Within each section, there is discussion of the issues that have been encountered during the course of research, and details of how the author has attempted to limit any difficulties.