Informes de Auditoría

151 respondents answered the question regarding the presence of social entrepreneurial projects. Respondents were asked whether their service club set up projects (or more projects) which meet(s) all (!) of the following criteria: 1. the project addresses a problem / social need that is neglected by the market or government; 2. the problem / social need addressed concerns a powerless segment of a population; 3. in the project, value is created (by means of commercial activity) in order address the problem / social need; and 4. in the project, the service club took risk in order to create that value. Below, the descriptive statistics are given.

Social entrepreneurial project(s)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid

No 57 36,5 37,7 37,7

Yes, 1 project 40 25,6 26,5 64,2

Yes, more projects 54 34,6 35,8 100,0

Total 151 96,8 100,0

Missing System 5 3,2

Total 156 100,0

57 out of the 151 respondents (37.7%) indicated that their service club did not set up (a) social entrepreneurial project(s), in the period 2010 – present (June 2015). 40 out of the 151 respondents (26.5%) indicated that their service club did set up one social entrepreneurial project, in the period

2010 – present. 54 out of the 151 respondents (35.8%) indicated that their service club did set up more than one social entrepreneurial project, in the period 2010 – present. So, a majority (94 out of 151 respondents, 62.3%) of service clubs, that do make use of commercial activity, set up (a) social entrepreneurial project(s), in the period 2010 – present.

Since the extent of commercial activity is normally distributed, an independent t-test can be applied in order to examine whether there is a difference in mean regarding the extent of commercial activity between the following two groups: service clubs that did not set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (N = 57) and service clubs that did set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (N = 94). Below, the relevant statistics can be found.

Group Statistics

Social entrepreneurial project(s)

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error

Mean Extent of commercial

activity

No 57 3,02 1,232 ,163

Yes 94 2,96 1,026 ,106

The Levene’s test is non-significant (p = .205 > .05), so the test statistics in the row ‘Equal variances assumed’ should be read (Field, 2013, p. 374).

On average, service clubs that did not set up social entrepreneurial project(s), do have a higher level of commercial activity (M = 3.02, SE = 0.16), than service clubs that did set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (M = 2.96, SE = 0.11). This mean difference, 0.060, BCa 95% CI [-0.307, 0.428], is not significant t(149) = 0.323, p = .747 < α = .05. The effect size of this difference is measured by Cohen’s d (Field, 2013, p. 79) and is 0.06, which can be considered as a negligible effect.

Since the data regarding the extent of entrepreneurial orientation are normally distributed, an independent t-test could be applied in order to examine whether there is a difference in mean regarding the extent of entrepreneurial orientation between the following two groups: service clubs that did not set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (N = 57) and service clubs that did set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (N = 94). However, the Levene’s test is significant, so the non-parametric the Mann-Whitney test is ran. In the figure below, the results of the Mann-Whitney test can be read.

Figure 40: Mann-Whitney test regarding the extent of entrepreneurial orientation among local service clubs (with and without social entrepreneurial projects)

The p-value = .074 and is more than the critical value of .05. So, the null hypothesis (there is no difference in the distribution of the extent of entrepreneurial orientation; with or without social entrepreneurial projects) should be accepted. This means that the service clubs that did set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (mean rank = 80.40, median = 3.0) do not have a significant higher level of entrepreneurial orientation than service clubs that did not set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (mean rank = 67.51, median = 2.5), with: U = 3.106, z = 1.786, p = .074, r = .15.

Since the data regarding the extent of compassion are normally distributed, an independent t-test can be applied in order to examine whether there is a difference in mean regarding the extent of compassion between the following two groups: service clubs that did not set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (N = 57) and service clubs that did set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (N = 94). Below, the relevant statistics can be found.

Group Statistics

Social entrepreneurial project(s)

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Extent of compassion No 56 3,911 ,8372 ,1119

Yes 93 4,070 ,7575 ,0786

The Levene’s test is non-significant (p = .173 > .05), so the test statistics in the row ‘Equal variances assumed’ should be read (Field, 2013, p. 374).

On average, service clubs that did set up social entrepreneurial project(s), do have a higher level of compassion (M = 4.07, SE = 0.08), than service clubs that did not set up social entrepreneurial project(s) (M = 3.91, SE = 0.11). This mean difference, -0.1592, BCa 95% CI [-0.423, 0.104], is not significant t(149) = -1.194, p = .234 < α = .05. The effect size of this difference is measured by Cohen’s d (Field, 2013, p. 79) and is 0.19, which can be considered as a small-medium effect.

Out of the 94 respondents who answered that their service club set up (a) social entrepreneurial project(s), 89 respondents answered the question regarding the extent of social entrepreneurial projects compared to other activities (frequencies; no extent: 1, very small extent: 8, small extent: 25, reasonable extent: 35, large extent: 16, very large extent: 3, full extent: 1). Below, the corresponding statistics are given.

Statistics

Extent of social entrepreneurial projects

N Valid 89 Missing 67 Mean 2,79 Std. Error of Mean ,112 Median 3,00 Std. Deviation 1,060

Regarding the extent of social entrepreneurial projects compared to other activities, the mean is 2.79 and the median 3.0. In general, the average extent of social entrepreneurial projects compared to other activities can be considered as reasonable (3.0 = reasonable extent). Note that this only applies to those service clubs that have set up (a) social entrepreneurial project(s). In the figure below, the distribution of the extent of social entrepreneurial projects compared to other activities is shown

(skewness value: 0.149, skewness z-score: 0.58 < +/- 1.96; kurtosis value: 0.405, kurtosis z-score: 0.80 < +/- 1.96).

Figure 41: (normal) distribution regarding the extent of social entrepreneurial projects compared to other activities.

Based on these values and the graphical representation of the data, the conclusion can be drawn that the data regarding the extent of entrepreneurial orientation are normal distributed.

In order to compare the means of the extent of social entrepreneurial projects and the extent of commercial activity, a paired-samples t-test can be applied since the data sets are normally distributed (Field, 2013, p. 378).

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Pair 1

Extent of commercial activity 2,98 89 1,044 ,111

Extent of social entrepreneurial projects

2,79 89 1,060 ,112

The homogeneity of variance can be assumed (variance commercial activity: 1.090; variance social entrepreneurial projects: 1.124)

On average, service clubs that both make use of commercial activity and set up (a) social entrepreneurial project(s), do have more commercial activities compared to other activities (M = 2.98, SE = 0.11), than social entrepreneurial projects compared to other activities (M = 2.79, SE = 0.11). This mean difference, 0.191, BCa 95% CI [-0.069, 0.451], is not significant t(88) = 1.462, p = .147 > α = .05. The effect size of this difference is measured by Cohen’s d (Field, 2013, p. 387) and is 0.18, which can be considered as a small effect.

social entrepreneurial projects (frequencies; no extent: 0, very small extent: 0, small extent: 0, reasonable extent: 19, large extent: 31, very large extent: 31, full extent: 12. Below, the corresponding statistics are given.

Statistics

Goal attainment of social entrepreneurial project(s) N Valid 93 Missing 63 Mean 4,39 Std. Error of Mean ,099 Median 4,00 Std. Deviation ,956

Regarding the extent of goal attainment of social entrepreneurial projects, the mean is 4.39 and the median 4.0. In general, the average extent of goal attainment of social entrepreneurial projects can be considered as large (4.0 = large extent). Note that this only applies to those service clubs that have set up (a) social entrepreneurial project(s). In the figure below, the distribution of the extent of goal attainment of social entrepreneurial projects is shown (skewness value: 0.063, skewness z-score: 0.25 < +/- 1.96; kurtosis value: -0.924, kurtosis z-score: -1.87 < +/- 1.96).

Figure 42: (normal) distribution regarding the extent of goal attainment of social entrepreneurial projects.

Based on these values and the graphical representation of the data, the conclusion can be drawn that the data regarding the extent of goal attainment of social entrepreneurial projects are reasonably normally distributed.