INSTAL·LACIONS ELÈCTRIQUES - CAP. 17 INSTAL·LACIONS

CAP. 17 INSTAL·LACIONS

17.01 INSTAL·LACIONS ELÈCTRIQUES

In April 2018, the European Commission published its communication “Artificial Intelligence for Europe” (Communication) in which it outlined the EU’s approach to taking advantage of the opportunities offered by AI and addressing the challenges posed by it.12_{From 2014–2017, the EU}

invested €1.1 billion (about US$1.26 billion) in AI-related research and innovation under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.13 Among other things, the Communication emphasizes that the EU has to ensure that no one is left behind in the digital transformation and that AI is developed and applied based on the EU’s values and fundamental rights.14_{It is also}

reviewing existing rules on safety and civil law liability.15 The Commission published a follow- up communication and a coordinated plan that built on the original Communication in December 2018.16

7_{Follow up to the European Parliament Resolution of 16 February 2017 on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, at 2,}

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/plmrep/COMMITTEES/JURI/DV/2017/11-20/A8-0005- 2017_EN.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/GF5J-45DA.

8_{Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the Approximation of the Laws, Regulations and Administrative}

Provisions of the Member States Concerning Liability for Defective Products, 1985 O.J. (L 210) 29, https://eur- lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31985L0374&from=EN, archived at http://perma.cc/ VT8M-RUCK.

9_{Follow up to the European Parliament Resolution of 16 February 2017 on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, supra}

note 7, at 2.

10_{Id. at 3.} 11_{Id. at 8.}

12_{Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the}

European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Artificial Intelligence for Europe, COM (2018) 237 final (Apr. 25, 2018), at 3, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX: 52018DC0237&from=EN, archived at http://perma.cc/FB52-HPK3.

13_{Id. at 6.} 14_{Id. at 4.} 15_{Id. at 16.}

16_{Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the}

European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence, COM (2018) 795 final (Dec. 7, 2018), https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_ id=56018, archived at http://perma.cc/NT7P-NTJ3; Annex to the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Coordinated Plan on Artificial Intelligence, COM (2018) 795 final (Dec. 7, 2018),

Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: Europe and Central Asia

On December 18, 2018, the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG)— fifty-two experts from academia, civil society, and industry appointed by the Commission17— released draft AI ethics guidelines, which set out a framework for designing trustworthy AI.18

According to the guidelines, trustworthy AI must “respect fundamental rights, applicable regulation and core principles and values, ensuring an “ethical purpose,” and “be technically robust and reliable since, even with good intentions, a lack of technological mastery can cause unintentional harm.”19_{Stakeholders were allowed to submit comments until January 18, 2019.}20

A final version is slated to be published in March 2019.21

The AI HLEG also proposed an updated definition of AI,22_{defining it as follows:}

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to systems designed by humans that, given a complex goal, act in the physical or digital world by perceiving their environment, interpreting the collected structured or unstructured data, reasoning on the knowledge derived from this data and deciding the best action(s) to take (according to pre-defined parameters) to achieve the given goal. AI systems can also be designed to learn to adapt their behaviour by analysing how the environment is affected by their previous actions.

As a scientific discipline, AI includes several approaches and techniques, such as machine learning (of which deep learning and reinforcement learning are specific examples), machine reasoning (which includes planning, scheduling, knowledge representation and reasoning, search, and optimization), and robotics (which includes control, perception, sensors and actuators, as well as the integration of all other techniques into cyber- physical systems).23

Furthermore, the European Commission established a Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Unit whose mission is the

development of a competitive industry in robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Europe including industrial and service robots as well as the growing field of autonomous systems spanning from drones and driverless vehicles to cognitive vision and computing. The Unit

17_{High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence, E}_UROPEAN_C_OMMISSION_,_{https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-}

market/en/high-level-expert-group-artificial-intelligence (last updated Oct. 29, 2018), archived at

http://perma.cc/4RHT-N4A7.

18_H_IGH_-L_EVEL_E_XPERT_G_{ROUP ON}_A_RTIFICIAL_I_NTELLIGENCE_[AI_HLEG],_D_RAFT_E_THICS_G_{UIDELINES FOR}

TRUSTWORTHY AI (Dec. 18, 2018), https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ai_hleg_draft_ethics_ guidelines_18_december.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/DYK4-7E5S.

19_{Id. at i.}

20_{Have Your Say: European Expert Group Seeks Feedback on Draft Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial}

Intelligence, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/have-your-say-european- expert-group-seeks-feedback-draft-ethics-guidelines-trustworthy (last visited Dec. 18, 2018), archived at

http://perma.cc/E2RQ-ND4M.

21_D_RAFT_E_THICS_G_{UIDELINES FOR}_T_RUSTWORTHY_{AI, supra note 18, at i.}

22_AI_HLEG,_A_D_{EFINITION OF}_AI:_M_AIN_C_{APABILITIES AND}_S_CIENTIFIC_D_ISCIPLINES_{(Dec. 18, 2018),}

https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/document.cfm?doc_id=56341, archived at http://perma.cc/8VUQ-AWAJ.

Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: Europe and Central Asia

supports also the wide uptake and best use of robotics and Artificial Intelligence in all industrial and societal fields.24

Furthermore, it “follows the Ethical and Legal issues related to robots and autonomous systems such as liability and . . . the aspects related to the impact of automation and robotics on jobs and work environment.”25

On June 18, 2018, the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) and the European Commission held a stakeholder summit on AI with a wide range of participants.26 They discussed legal and ethical challenges, the socioeconomic impact, and the industrial competitiveness of AI. IV. Declaration of Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence

On April 10, 2018, twenty-four EU Member States27 and Norway signed the Declaration of Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence to develop a European approach to AI.28_{Romania, Greece,}

and Cyprus joined the initiative in May 2018, and Croatia in July 2018.29 In the Declaration, the signatories agreed to cooperate on

• [b]oosting Europe’s technology and industrial capacity in AI and its uptake, including better access to public sector data; these are essential conditions to influence AI development, fuelling innovative business models and creating economic growth and new qualified jobs;

• [a]ddressing socio-economic challenges, such as the transformation of the labour markets and modernising Europe’s education and training systems, including upskilling & reskilling EU citizens; [and]

• [e]nsuring an adequate legal and ethical framework, building on EU fundamental rights and values, including privacy and protection of personal data, as well as principles such as transparency and accountability.30

24_{Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (Unit A.1), E}_UROPEAN_C_OMMISSION_,_{https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-}

market/en/content/robotics-and-artificial-intelligence-unit-a1 (last visited Nov. 19, 2018), archived at

http://perma.cc/JJ3D-VNGK.

25_Id.

26_{AI Europe / Stakeholder Summit, EESC (June 18, 2018),}_{https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/agenda/our-events/}

events/ ai-europe-stakeholder-summit?_cldee=Y2NqbXVsbGVyQGtwbm1haWwubmw%3d&recipientid=contact- 418703e1eed3e511bb64005056a05070-be6e28a0f92045fd8a0c34cea92a9638&esid=f7a166c8-965d-e811-8113- 005056a043ea&urlid=4, archived at http://perma.cc/T6JC-XXWU.

27_{The countries are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,}

Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

28_{Declaration: Cooperation on AI, Apr. 10, 2018,}_{https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/communities/sites/jrccties/files/2018}

aideclarationatdigitaldaydocxpdf.pdf, archived at http://perma.cc/F6U4-NV4C.

29_{EU Member States Sign Up to Cooperate on Artificial Intelligence, E}_UROPEAN_C_OMMISSION_{(Apr. 10, 2018),}

https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/eu-member-states-sign-cooperate-artificial-intelligence, archived at http://perma.cc/VZ7X-RTS7.

Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: Europe and Central Asia

In document V. AMIDAMENTS REMODELACIO VESTIDORS CAMP DE FUTBOL 114 (página 28-33)