Inteligencia emocional y seguridad basada en el comportamiento

In its broad sense, a public notary is an authority that guarantees and certifies documents or identities. Thus far, identity on a block chain is still a problem, so the scope of a block chain notary is limited to only certifying and verifying of documents for proof of ownership and proof of existence. Proof of identity is a hard to solve problem because a private key does not grantee the identity of a person. Therefore, an actual notary on a block chain is still far from being a reality. This research discusses the block chain use in time-stamping and verifying of legal records.

51 Some of the legal records that could be on a block chain include titles, birth certificates, voting or court records (Lindman et al., 2017, p. 1535). A legal record can be any document that is public or private and relates to the conduct of the government (e.g., permits). Other government-licensed assets that could be digitalized on a block chain are houses, vehicles, and patents (Shelkovnikov, 2016, p. 1).

According to the American Land Title Association, there are around 30% mistaken land titles in property transactions (Schneider et al., 2016, p. 34). A presumption exists that this error is partly due to the paper-based nature of registration, recording, and administration of land titles. Moreover, any real estate related data like mortgages, leases or court orders, are recorded in a “chain of title,” which exposes the integrity of information to human error and breaches the privacy of individuals (Schneider et al., 2016, p. 34).

In other areas of the world, property transfer fees are very high. In countries like Brazil, owners are paying up to 4% of the property value in transfer fees (notary-1.25%, registration- 0.75%, legal fees-2.00%). Real estate broker fees are from 3% to 6% and transfer taxes from 2% to 4%. The total of transaction costs is up to 9%-14% in that country (Schneider et al., 2016, p. 34).

Some believe that registering property titles on the block chain could increase efficiency and prevent fraud (forged document transfers of property to false owners) and mistakes. It will save fees and improve data integrity and privacy. Property transactions on Bitcoin would require “colored coins,” which operate on the overlay network (layer 2) on top of the protocol through the OP_RETURN scripting. The coins are colored because they represent a specific real-world asset in a digital format, they are programmed with unique functions different than the standard coins. The exchange of the colored coins is similar to standard coins. The private keys serve as cryptographic identities for moving the digital assets, and the title and identity documents proving ownership are hashed in a colored coin transaction (Shelkovnikov, 2016, p. 2). However, a loss of private keys would lead to loss of identity and therefore loss of ownership (Barbieri & Gassen, 2017, p. 8).

All property information is assigned to a transaction output. Before putting the information on the block chain, there must be a consensus over the legal owner, plot size and boundaries of the land (Barbieri & Gassen, 2017, p. 10). Further, there is also the possibility of a block chain ban by a state, and so the owners would lose their property rights (Barbieri & Gassen, 2017, p. 12). There is a good reason why third parties control the registries of land and the

52 tracking of ownership exchange and why such systems are kept and supervised by the

government. Such agencies and notaries are there to make sure that the information being entered in the registries is accurate and complete. Those third parties are also responsible for the verification of the authenticity of the documents which is there to prevent fraud. The liability of who controls the input into the block chain and the supervision of these controllers is still unclear (Barbieri & Gassen, 2017, p. 12).

Table 2: Block chain time-stamping services

Concept/Company Host Link

ChainPoint/Tierion Cryptosystem https://tierion.com/chainpoint

OpenTimestamps Web/Self https://opentimestamps.org/

Proof of Existence Web https://poex.io/

CryptoGraffitiy Web http://www.cryptograffiti.info/

Originstamp Web originstamp.org

BTProof Web http://www.btproof.site/

Тangible Web http://tangible.io/en/index.html

BitcoinTimestamp Self https://github.com/fireduck64/BitcoinTimestamp

ChronoBit Self https://github.com/goblin/chronobit

Stone Self https://github.com/dasmithii/stone

Stampery Web stampery.co

Blockchain Identity Self http://jrruethe.github.io/blog/2015/02/28/blockchain- identity/

Factom Cryptosystem http://factom.org/

Btc-PGP Web http://royalforkblog.github.io

Stampd Web http://stampd.io

Table 2 shows some of the services for data proofs and time-stamping on a block chain. One of the researched companies was Tierion. Tierion’s API can work on multiple chains by making a proof that can be used to verify the integrity and time-stamp of any data, file, or business process. After anchoring the data on a block chain, anyone can verify it by using open source tools (Tierion, 2016, p. 4). More information about Tierion can be found in section 4.2 and Appendix C.

Solely relying on hashes for proofs is not enough. In January 2017, Julian Assange wanted to prove he was alive and disprove the rumors that he was dead. He used Bitcoin’s block chain for that purpose (Hertig, 2017). He recorded a video of himself where he was reading out the latest block height (block hash) at that time. This action is similar to making a video and showing the latest newspaper (Wilson, 2017b). His action shows that he needed an additional security process to prove his existence (the video) and could not do it only with the block chain (Wilson, 2017b). Furthermore, there are other equally persuasive and better ways to do that (video and newspaper, video and the current price of a stock) (Wilson, 2017b).

53 On the block chain, proof of existence is the creation of a digital signature by the owner of a private key. A signature proves that a specific private key existed at a specific time. However, a block chain cannot prove who controls that key. Тhe original purpose of the block chain was “to remove any central oversight of keys and account holders” (Wilson, 2017b). To embrace non-currency use cases, the block chain alone cannot do that; it needs outside processes. Adding other security processes to the already complex, redundant and inefficient way it works, would only make things even more convoluted. There could be other means to accomplish similar outcomes in a simpler way (Wilson, 2017b).

Before using a block chain in record keeping, advocates of the technology have to address some serious issues with the authentication and identification of users and also how to protect against loss of private keys (Barbieri & Gassen, 2017, p. 13). Block chain advocates need to understand the importance of the relation among the roles of the cadaster, the land register and the notary in the preventive administration of justice (Barbieri & Gassen, 2017, p. 13).